Unit 5: Revolutions Flashcards
This deck is designed to assist you in understanding the revolutions that occured in the time period 1750-1900 C.E.
1
Q
What was The Enlightenment?
A
Occured in the 17th and 18th centuries; focused on the role of humankind in relation to the government
2
Q
What did both the Protestant the Scientific Revolution have in common?
A
They essentially ganged up on the Roman Catholic Church by putting it’s authority and power in question.
3
Q
How did monarchies help promote nationalism?
A
Monarchies helped promote nationalism, and they arose by uniting people under a banner of nationalism; divine right came to be a way that monarchs could maintain power; it’s kind of similar to the Mandate of Heaven in China, which states that the Chinese emperor was a descendant of the gods. Again, notice these sociocultural similarities.
4
Q
Was there a religious power struggle between the pope and the monarchs?
A
Yes, a power struggle between the monarch and the pope occured; the divine right of the monarchs may be used to ally with the Protestants or ally with the Church, as in the case of Spain and France, in the Counter-Reformation.
5
Q
What occured under the Mandate of Heaven?
A
Emperors would be given opportunity to rule only as they pleases heaven; it was used as a justification for rebellion
6
Q
When did the social contract arise?
A
The concept of the social contract arose in the 17th century; this idea was that because individuals existed before governments did, governments arose as a way to meet the needs of its people, not out of divine right
7
Q
Who was Thomas Hobbes?
A
Believed that people were perverse and violent by nature, and that the government’s role was to maintain peace, therby supressing its subjects’ urges
8
Q
Who was John Locke?
A
Believed that people were good and deserved rights to life, liberty, and property; the government’s role in the social contract then was to ensure that these rights were given to all
9
Q
Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
A
Believed that all men were equal and that the nature of society should abide by the general consensus of its people
10
Q
What did Voltaire support?
A
Religious toleration
11
Q
What was the similarity amongst all the aforementioned Englightenment writers?
A
They didn’t presume that the government had divine authority
12
Q
Who were the enlightened monarchs?
A
These monarchs reacted to the Enlightenment by taking up the responsibilities entailed by its implications on government rule, but they still ruled under divine right
13
Q
What was the Neoclassical period, and when did it begin?
A
Was all about Greco-Roman architecture, hence why federal buildings in Washington, D.C. look like Greek templea; began in the mid-18th century
14
Q
What happened in the mid-18th century in North America?
A
Also the Neo-Classical period; in this period, British colonists felt threatened by French territories in America (France and Britain were rivals since the Hundred Years’ War); enlisting the help of natives in the region, the French attacked the colonists, but in 1763, the English ultimately prevailed and pushed the French to the north and expanded their terriority to the Ohio River Valley
15
Q
Why did the British increase the tax on items in America?
A
Because they felt as though the Americans did not share the burdens of the French and Indian War; to pay for war costs
16
Q
What three acts fueled some part of the American Revolution?
Hint: they were common items
A
Revenue Act, Stamp Act, and Tea Act
17
Q
What three acts fueled some part of the American Revolution?
Hint: they were common items
A
Revenue Act, Stamp Act, and Tea Act
18
Q
Were the Americans represented in the Parliament when the three laws were passed?
A
No
19
Q
What happened on April 19, 1775?
A
Marks the beginning of the War of the Independence; Battle of Lexington and Concord
20
Q
Why did merchantilist policies drive Americans nuts?
A
It was these policies that extracted the colonial resources in the Americas and gave it all to England
21
Q
Who was Thomas Paine?
A
Wrote “Common Sense”; urged the Americans to recognize that the British monarchy was taking away their natural rights at a time where Americans felt ambivalent over the matter of independence (they were born from the British)
22
Q
In 1777, the French came along to help the Americans. Why?
A
I mean, they didn’t like England, so…
23
Q
In 1781, what did French and American troops do?
A
Cornered the core of the British army and won the war
24
Q
What wars were the French involved in that caused them major debt?
A
The War of Spanish Succession, the Seven Years’ War, and the American Revolution
25
Why did Louis XIV need to raise taxes in France?
Especially since the nobility were living needlessly lavish lifestyles that were expensive, and France couldn't naturally provide that money given its war debt
26
Describe how French society was divided back then.
First Estate: the clergy, some rich and high-ranking, while others poor and parish priests
Second-Estate: noble families
Third Estate: 95% of the population, literallt everyone else including merchants
27
When the Estate General finally met in France, what did the representatives of each class want?
The representatives of...
The Second Estate- wanted even greater freedoms
The Third Estate- inspired by the American Revolution; wanted more freedoms
28
What was the National Assembly in France?
An assembly made up of the Third Estate; arose because the Third Estate did not believe they were being properly represented
29
When and why did peasants attack the nobility and feudal institutions in France?
Started in 1789; arose due to the fact that they weren't going to be properly represented in the new constitution that the king was going to make
30
What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man?
Based on the American Revolution and Enlightenment ideologies, which supported equality and freedom, and was spread throughout Europe
31
What did the National Assembly do?
Abolished the feudal system; declared freedom of worship
32
What was the most important consequence of the French Revolution?
Established the nation-state as the source of sovereignty or political authority
33
Why was the constitution that the National Assembly made after the French Revolution poorly received?
This constitution instituted a constitutional monarchy, not a democracy
34
What was the main difference between the American and French Revolution?
A notable difference between the two was that the American revolution was a colony vs its motherland and was therefore an independence movement, and for the French revolution, it questioned French political structures and leadership
35
Why was the American Revolution important?
The United States was the first major colony to break away from a European colonial power since the Age of Exploration
36
Austrians and Prussians invaded France to restore the monarchy. But, what did French revolutionaries do?
Hold them back
37
A new ruling body emerged in response to the poorly made first constitution. What was it called?
The Convention; it proclaimed France a republic
38
But then, the Convention started worrying about foreign threats, so what did they do?
So, they threw out the committee and published the Committee of Public Safety, which ironically murdered multiple French citizens and aimed to kill anyone suspected of anti-revolutionary tendencies; it did help to enforce a strong military in France though, but too many murders were happening
39
After the Committee of Public Safety was shut down for its adamant persecution, what happened?
France quickly reorganized itself again, wrote a new constitution in 1795, and established a new five-man government called the Directory
40
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
Was part of the directory , which established a strong national military in France even though it wasn't good at running France; Bonaparte eventually overthrew the Directory using his popularity and reputation
41
What else did Napoleon do?
He declared himself the First Consul under the new constitution (that's four constitutions since the French Revolution began)
42
What were the Napoleonic Codes (1804)?
Equalized French rights for men; based on some Enlightenment ideas; is still used today; but was extremely paternalistic (women and children barely had rights)
43
What did Napoleon do?
Napoleon’s troops conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and the kingdoms within Italy. He dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and reorganized it into a confederacy of German states.
44
What happened in 1812 to Napoleon?
He tried to invade Russia but was pulled into a trap, a trap in which he was lured to Moscow, which was then burned by the Russians, and then winter came in and his army tried to retreat but were attacked constantly on their way to France; Napolean was forced into exile
45
Because the leaders who overthrew Napoleon were diagareeing with how to move on with the situation, what did Napoleon do?
Napoleon returned from exile and attempted to regain power.
46
What happened in Waterloo, 1813?
All the nations allied up to permanently exile Napolean to St.Helena, the island where he passed
47
What was the Congress of Vienna?
The agreement amongst the memebers of the coalition against Napoleon; it dealt with France by giving it its pre-Napoleonic boundaries; it also re-affirmed absolute rule, giving France a monarch and pretty much ignored the efforts of the French Revolution
48
What helped revolutions in Latin America be more successful?
Europe was busy dealing and were being distracted by Napoleon, so Latin American colonies began rebelling after previous, failed uprisings
49
What was the first successful Latin American revolution?
The Haitian Revolution
50
Why did the Haitians rebel against France?
France was really exploiting Haiti for its resources and treating its workers (slaves) poorly
51
What helped the Haitians win against France?
They were capable fighters; this is plus yellow fever helped the Haitians win against the French despite Napoleon's counterattacks; it was a violent fight
52
How did the South American colonies react to Jospeh Bonaparte, Napoleon Bonaparte's bro, attaining the Spanish Crown?
The colonists decided to remain loyal to their Spanish king and not recognize the French regime under Bonaparte.
53
Who was Simon Bolivar?
Replaced the Bonaparte governor in Venezuela; he established a national congress, whcih declared freedom from Spain, but this sparked a civil war amongst the supporters of Spain; he ended up winning independence for a region known as Gran Colombia
54
Who was Jose se San Martin?
Took command of Argentina's armies; he joined forces of other capable revolutionaries in Chile and Peru; by the 1820s, a huge lot of South America was independent
55
Who was Pedro (Brazil)?
Son of the Portugal king who, when Portugal was under Napoleon rule, went to Brazil for hiding; when it was safe, the king returned, but left to his son the task of running his nation; Pedros loved Brazil because it was where he grew up, so he made it free of Portugal rule and became the emperor
56
Who was the abolition of slavery done by in Brazil?
Was done in 1888 by Isabel, daughter of Pedro II and temporary ruler of the nation while he was away; this caused so much outrage that the landowning class successfully revolted
57
How did the revolution in Mexico come about?
The revolution in Mexico was started by a priest named Hidalgo, who led an uprisinf against Spanish rule; however, the Spanish people reacted effectively and executed him; his efforts were not in vain though as it encouraged another priest to carry on with the rebellion efforts. The landowning class rebelled against him, though, when he made it clear that he planned to redistribute land amongst the poor. It was only when this class bought into the idea of independence from Spain that it was achieved.
58
What was the Treaty of Corbada?
In which Spain was forced to recognize that its domination over Latin America was coming to an end
59
What was neocolonialism?
In which internal revolts occured as the landowning class received all the money for the increased trade of these newly independent countries
60
What was the Mexican Revolution?
In which rulers were over thrown if they were not accepted by the revolutionary masses, hence why Mexico's new constitution was established in 1917
61
What was the Ghost Dance?
A Native American ritual performed as a way to show resistance to being in resevations courtesy of the U.S. government
62
Why didn't a significant class of merchants and small farmers not emerge in the now-independent Latin American states?
Was in part because the Catholic Church was one of the largest landowners in Latin America and also because Latin American economies didn't diversify (because Latin America was dependent on Europe economically), so creativity didn't really take place
63
What were the notable exceptions of the now-independent Latin American states?
The ABC of South America managed to survive; also, just note that Brazil is the main exporter for coffee globally
64
What was the Industrial Revolution?
1750-present; began in Britian, perhaps the most powerful country in the 19th century; spread rapidly from Britain to Japan and to America, which is by far the most industrialized country to date
65
When was the Age of Imperialism?
1880s-1900s
66
What were the two enormous consequences that industrial technology had?
One: industrial technology allowed for a military advantage, so nations with this could easily conquer those without
Second: factories needed raw materials to create finished products and a market to sell these products
67
Why did Europe turn its eyes to Asia and Africa in the Industrial Revolution?
Because of the successful independence movements in the Americas
68
What was the Agricultural Revolution (First and Second ones)?
The first Agricultural Revolution allowed for food surpluses that allowed for some people to shift their focus from farming to forming a civilization, which was what happened; the Second Agricultural Revolution allowed up to half of the land to leave farming and take up new jobs as the industrial economy was on the rise
69
What were some notable crops that helped propel the Agricultural Revolution II?
Potatoes and corn
70
What was the process of enclosure?
In this process, land that was once public during the Middle Ages became private farming areas, which meant private gain
71
Name one technology that helped with the Agricultural Revolution II.
Development of chemical fertilizers
72
Where do cities tend to develop?
Cities tended to develop in places where an abundance of resources, like coal, iron, and water, were available because it was where factories were being placed
73
What was the purpose of the flying shuttle?
Sped the weaving process
74
What was the purpose of the spinning jenny?
Spinned large amounts of thread
75
What did water-power allow for in the textile industry?
Allowed for this textile processes to become industrial and no longer domestic
76
What industry was hit by the Industrial Revolution first?
The textile industry
77
What was the steam engine powered by?
Coal, which England had a lot of
78
The steamship and steam-powered locomotive were powered by the steam engine. How did this impact Britain?
Would help in empire-building and trade
79
What were the two things that the Industrial Revolution heavily impacted?
Communication and travel
80
How do the Scientific Revolution and the Industrial Revolution compare to one another?
Pretty much go hand-in-hand with one being all about the understanding the natural world and the other on applying that knowledge properly
81
What was the system of interchangeable parts?
Developed by Eli Whitney; machine parts were produced uniformly, so they could be replaced when something broke
82
What was the assembly line?
Developed by Henry Ford
83
How was work life in the early Industrial Revolution?
The factories were manned by thousands of workers; these workers were way overworked, extremely underpaid, and regularly put in harm
84
What did factories expose workers to?
Air pollution and hazardous machinery
85
Explain how the biggest social impact of the Industrial Revolution was family.
```
For the lower class, workers, mostly men, grew dependent on their companies for food and housing, so they were independent from their families; women and children were also expected to work; in a sense, this allowed both young women and men to live independently
For middle-class and upper-class, though, women were still expected to be at home and fulfill their domestic duties; they lived separate from the working world
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86
What were the new social classes that industrialization made?
```
These social classes were the following:
Upper class: people getting rich from their industries
Middle/creative class: skilled professionals, like lawyers and doctors
Lower class (majority): workers (both factories and farms)
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87
What is a free-market system/capitalism?
This was what Adam Smith believed would allow economic properity (i.e., if the individuals determined the nature of the market)
88
What is laissez-faire capitalism?
Capitalism with absolutely no government part
89
In the New World, monarchies closely watched their economies. The opposite was true for Western Europe. Explain why.
European countries allowed for limited liability companies and the stock market. From these practices came major investment firms, like the British East India Company.
90
How did social structures change after industrialization?
Because of urbanization, people, poor and rich, were living side-by-side and could see the corruption before their very eyes.
Back then, where you would be on the social hierarchy was determined by your bloodline; if you were a farmer, your kid would also be a farmer; with the rise of industrialism, people finally saw that their efforts were being exploited to fuel the rich
91
What was the Communist Manifesto?
Written by Karl Marx, who believed that factory workers had to toil under such conditions despite having opportunities because that was capitalism's flaw, and Engels; entailed within it was the belief that the all powers of authority, such as the government, were against the workers and when these exploited workers finally revolted, authorities were no longer needed
92
Was Marx's reasoning relevant?
There's a notable instance where it's relevance is shown when a group of workers known as the Luddites destroyed equipment in factories because of their working conditions and wages.
93
By mid-19th century, there was a major split in thought regarding economic systems. Explain them.
On one hand, you had Britain and the United States, democratic states, who started reforms to better factory conditions; and, then, you had Russia, a country under absolute rule, where reforms were nonexistent
94
Did most of Europe mix socialist and capitalist ideas?
Yes.
95
How did reform catch on in Britain and the United States?
Laws were passed that prohibited children from working at factories and to make work hours more reasonable; labor unions, through which workers can strike and advocate for better working conditions were established; factory owners started to notice that if they made their working environment better, productive and better work would come about
96
What were the consequences of the improvement of working conditions in the latter part of the 19th century?
```
The middle class became substantially larger. Public education became more widely accessible.
As men earned more money, women left the factories.
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97
Despite these reforms in working conditions, hardships persisted. Name two reasons as to why many Europeans went to America in the latter part of the 19th century.
Millions fled from famine in Ireland, or anti-Semitism in Russia, or poverty and joblessness in general.
98
What did the Napoleonic era do in terms of nationalism?
It strengthened it.
99
Why did Germany and Italy unite in the latter part of the 19th century?
Germany and Italy were unified with the nationalism still lingering from Napoleon's time and also because of industrialization
100
Describe the unification of Italy.
In 1849, the king of Sardinia, the only Italian region at the time to avtuallt be owned by the Italians, and the prime minister sponsored a series of wars in which the prime minister teamed up with other European nations to kick Austrians out of Italy; Victor Emmanual II unified Italy
101
Did Italy have a hard time unifying culturally?
Yes, because it had developed regionally for centuries
102
Describe the prerequisites of the unification of Germany.
Since the Peace of Westphalia, Prussia and Austria dominated this Germanic region.
103
Who was Otto von Bismarck?
The guy who united these German principalities under German rule by defeated Austria; he initially encountered some trouble defeating the southern regions of Germany (they were really Catholic); he allied up with these Catholic states against French aggression, provokes France to declare war on them, and when the war was won, these Catholic states started to be okay under Prussian rule
104
What was the Second Reich?
This was the first time Germany had become unified ever since the fall of the Holy Roman Empire
105
What did Germany do after unification?
They industrialized; William II, who wanted to be the sole emperor of Germany, built a huge navy and pursued colonial ambitions in Africa and Asia.
106
How was nationalism a force for unification?
The Ottoman Emoire even tried to become more united this way, but the issue was that multiple individual regions wanted to be the ones in sole control over the Ottoman Empire; but nationalism was also used for rebellions; in fact, some nation-states emerges from once principalities of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans
107
Did Russia give absolute power to its Romanov czars?
Yes, by the 19th century
108
What was the Emancipation Edict?
Issued by Alexander II of Russia; tried to abolish serfdom
109
What were the shortcomings of the Emancipation Edict?
Factorial (as in, related to factories) reforms had yet to arise in Russia; plus, under the Emancipation Edict, serfs were given small plots of land that they had to keep by giving large sums of money to the government
110
What arose during the latter half of the 19th century in Russia?
An intellectual class knowledgeable on the developments happening in the rest of Europe that was against the monarchy
111
Who was Alexander III?
Responded to Alexander II's assassination by forcing all citizens of the Russian empire to speak Russian and practice Russian Orthodoxy; Jews were especially persecuted in this time period, and factory conditions did not improve
112
Through the 17th and 18th centuries, the Ottomans continually fought with Russia over control of the Balkans. The Russians won; so, by the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire was in danger of collapsing. Why didn't it fully collapse though?
Britain and France didn't want this because they feared that Russia would come in and take over the eastern Mediterranean, so they tried to keep it going; the region ended up with French and British influences
113
Name some of the most notable effects of nationalism.
It drove Europeans to compete with each other to promote national pride and wealth by establishing colonies in the first place. It drove the Japanese to quickly industrialize
