Unit 3: Land-Based Empires

Question 1

Provide some context for European though and expression during this period.

Answer 1

By the 1300s, Europe had been Christian for a thousand years, the feudal system was dominant, and Greco-Roman learning was left in the past. What lead to developments and changes in European religious and sociopolitical structures of this time was interaction with the wider world, especially through the Crusades. And, given that both Byzantium and the Arab Empire were interested in Greco-Roman learning, this classical knowledge of Europe came rose to the limelight.

Question 2

With a rediscovered past and a productive present, with the unification of some European powers and increased trade with the world, forum massive cultural movement occured. Name all four.

Answer 2

• The Renaissance
• The Protestant Reformation
• The Scientific Revolution
• The Enlightenment

Question 3

Provide context for the Renaissance.

Answer 3

After the Black Death abated, the demand for goods and services began to steadily increase. A middle class emerged, and Europe experienced an influx of money, and considerable portion of it was spent on recapturing and studying the past.

Question 4

Provide more context for the Renaissance.

Answer 4

The middle ages were so concerned with salvation and the afterlife, so scholars were shocked to see a greater focus on personal accomplishments in ancient writings. However, the Catholic Church and focus on the afterlife maintained relevance, but a growing focus on the material here-and-now brought rise to humanism, a focus on human endeavors, leading to individualism and slight loss of authority.

Question 5

What happened during the Renaissance?

Answer 5

• Renaissance means “rebirth.”
• art was financed on a large scale, example of such would be the Medici family acting as a patron for the greatest artists of all time, like Michelangelo and Brunelleschi, in Florence
• Leonardo da Vinci and Donatello portrayed the human figure as realistically as possible

Question 6

What are some more things that happened in the Renaissance?

Answer 6

• Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press
• books became easy to produce, allowing knowledge to be easily spread and more people became literate
• in addition, paper making became popular
• the most commonly circulated books were religious in nature

Question 7

Provide context for the Protestant Reformation.

Answer 7

-feudal power increased if the Church blessed their reign, so the pope wielded much political power
-the Church was one of the most important institutions that united ordinary people in Europe
-it was believed that in order to get into Heaven, once must appease the Church
-A WAY TO MAINTAIN POWER!!! PLEASE NOTE!!! Indulgences
This was also seen as a bad thing as peasants were not treated fairly, and it made the Chruch appear more worldly. It grew the frustration that nobles had with the Church since it re-established their power and wealth.

Question 8

What happened in the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 8

• Martin Luther nailed a list of 95 theses on a church door that outlined his frustrations with the then-current church practices
• He believed that church services should be conducted in vernacular languages, not just Latin, and that the Bible teaches that people could appeal directly to God for the forgiveness of sins.
• Luther’s ideas were spread throughout Europe, and he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X

Question 9

What else happened in the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 9

• Luther’s followers began referring to themselves as Lutherans and separated from the Catholic Church
• People also began spreading their own religious ideas, including John Calvin, who founded Calvinism (which is essentially just fatalism, with a few select people being the ones to be saved)

Question 10

What church was formed along with the rise of Protestants?

Answer 10

The Church of England/The Anglican Church; King Henry the Eighth wanted a child, but Catherine of Aragon couldn’t provide him with one, so he wanted to end the marriage, but couldn’t religiously do so with no support from the pope. As a result, he separated from the church, an act that was supported by the steadily growing Protestant population.

Question 11

How was the Protestant Reformation important?

Answer 11

Luther made it acceptable to question the conventional wisdom of the Church by challenging its theological and political authority, which nobles found questionable. In addition, the rise of the printing press allowed people to have their own Bibles, which led to further questioning of the Church and the world around them.

Question 12

What was the Counter-Reformation of the 16th century.

Answer 12

• Basically the Catholic Church’s comeback
• The Church managed to straighten itself out by banning the sell of indulgence and making their bishops and priests abide more strictly to the Catholic faith. However, this period of reformation was as much re-affirming as reformation, as the Catholic Chuch refuses to accept Protestant ideologies and just aimed to re-establish its position.

Question 13

What did Ignatius Loyola find? What’s it’s significance?

Answer 13

• He found the society of Jesuits.
• The Jesuits believed that prayer and good works led to salvation and were impwrative in restoring faith in the teaching of Jesus as interpreted by the Church.

Question 14

Who directed the Counter-Reformation?

Answer 14

A group of church officials gathered to form the Council of Trent, which directed the efforts of the Counter-Reformation in the mid-16th century.

Question 15

Describe the religious concentration in Europe by the 1600s.

Answer 15

• southern Europe, including southern Germany, was heavily Catholic
• northern Germany and Scandinavia were Lutheran
• Scotland was Calvinist
• England was Anglican

Question 16

What did this diverse religious concentration cause?

Answer 16

Wars, of course.

Question 17

Provide context for the Scientific Revolution.

Answer 17

-Europe and the rest of the world believed that the Earth was the center of the solar system, but Europeans began to reexamine thier world as universities expanded.

Question 18

What happened in the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 18

• At around the same time the Counter-Reformation was gaining momentum, Copernicus developed a heliocentric model of the solar system and published a book to prove his points.
• His model began really taking off when Galileo published a book supporting Copernicus’ points, which he wrote in Italian to have a broad audience and to defeat defenders of Ptolemy. The Catholic Church considered this heresy and placed his book on The Index and put him under house arrest.

Question 19

How did the Scientific Method come about from the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 19

Scholasticm was based on Artistotlean teachings, which relied on logic and reasoning, but this no longer sufficed, hence why the scientific method was developed. At its very peak, one had to prove even the most underlying of principles mathematically.

Question 20

List noteworthy scientists who contributed to the development of the Scientific Method.

Answer 20

• Brahe: built an observatory and recorded his findings
• Bacon: used inductive logic
• Kepler: developed laws on planetary motion
• Sir Isaac Newton: invented calculus to prove the findings of other scientists

Question 21

What was a significant effect of the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 21

It led to a major rift in society. Some Christians were able to maintain thier faith even as they studied sciences, while others became atheists or deists.

Question 22

How was Spain during this time period? (On King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella)

Answer 22

The rulers of Spain at the beginning of this time period were King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella; they aggressively supported exploration to ensure the survival and expansion of Spanish culture but also because there was an increasing demand for trade; they also built a formidable naval fleet, the Spanish Armada

Question 23

How was Portugal in this time period (there isn’t much focus on them)?

Answer 23

They continued their domination of coastal Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Spice Islands; they could not have far-flung colonies because of competition, so they had to be content with being the middleman of great importance

Question 24

Who was Charles V?

Answer 24

Developed a large empire through intermarriage and came from the Hapsburgs; was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, meaning that he gained new more land; frustrated with having to manage the New World and the many European revolutions, he retired in a monastery in the 1550s

Question 25

Who was Ferdinand I?

Answer 25

Gained control over the Holy Roman Empire (some part of Germany) and Austria

Question 26

Who was Phillip II?

Answer 26

Gained control of everything else, including overseas land and Portugal, and oversaw a period of Spanish Renaissance in the West and continued on with Spanish Inquisition

Question 27

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

Answer 27

Pretty much Spain's forced Catholicism

Question 28

How was Netherland faring in this time?

Answer 28

The Netherlands (the northern region) were Protestants, and they revolted and gained independence from Spain. The southern region was Catholic and is now modern-day Belgium.

Question 29

What were some other signs of Spain's reclining greatness during this time other than its loss of territory through the formation of the Netherlands?

Answer 29

The English defeated the Spanish Armada when it tried to attack the British Isles. Spain had spent a lot of its riches from the New World, especially gold, on religious efforts to spread Catholicism and warfare. By the mid-17th century, its glory days had passed.

Question 30

How was England during this time? (Elizabeth I)

Answer 30

Queen Elizabeth the First oversaw a golden age. She was the daughter of Henry VII and Anne Boleyn. The latter created the Church of England under the 1534 Act of Supremacy.

Question 31

Describe the Elizabethan Age.

Answer 31

This period is oretty much mid-16th century to late 16th century. It was during this age that the British East India Company was made as a joint-stock company, but the first one was Muscovy Company. Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, and the first English colonists settled in modern-day Virginia.

Question 32

Who was the person after Elizabeth I, and what did James I do during his reign?

Answer 32

He wanted to ease the religious tension in the area by accomodating both Christians and Puritans. But, the Puritans, who were Calvinists, refused to recognize the king's religious power and, around this time, travelled across the Atlantic to establish the Plymouth colony.

Question 33

Who was the person after James I, and what did Charles I do during his reign?

Answer 33

Under the rule of Charles I in the early 16th century, he signed a document entitled the Petition of Right, which he ignored after gaining the funds he needed from Parliament. At around 1640, when the Scottish invaded a part of England for their resentment of Charles, he was finally forced to call Parliament together. This Parliament was known as the Long Parliament since it sat from 1640-1660. After denying him the funds needed to go against Irish invasion, Charles led troops into the House of Commoners and arrested some members, thereby sparking a civil war.

Question 34

Who was Oliver Cromwell?

Answer 34

Leader of the Roundheads; rose to power as the leader of the English Commonwealth after defeating Charles I, who was executed; rose to power as Lord Protector after reorganising the government

Question 35

What did Cromwell do during his reign as Lord Protector?

Answer 35

Was not religious tolerant, which led to his beheading. When he died, his son, Charles II, took over in what became known as the Stuart Restoration. Charles II was a closet Catholic.

Question 36

What was the Habeas Corpus Act?

Answer 36

Signed by Charles II, which prohibited arrest without due process.

Question 37

Wait was the Glorious Revolution?

Answer 37

THIS IS SIGNIFICANT, since it ensured that all the future rulers of England would be Anglican, not Catholic like James II. It's a pretty refined solution to issues between Parliament and king.

Question 38

What was the English Civil War?

Answer 38

Practically king VS parliament

Question 39

How was France? (Henry IV) What was the Edict of Nandes?

Answer 39

A document issued by Henry IV, the first of the Bourbon kings, towards the end of the 1600s to create a religiously tolerant environment between the Catholics and Huguenots, French Protestants

Question 40

Who were Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin?

Answer 40

This guy and Mazarin both aimed to strengthen the French crown; both were advisors to the Bourbons; they prepared France for the strong position it would achieve under Louis the 14th.

Question 41

What was divine right?

Answer 41

The concept that kings derive their authority and power from God Himself, not their subjects.

Question 42

What was the Estates-General?

Answer 42

It's essentially the parliament/law-making body of France; it did not meet in France for most of the 17th century since the French kings ruled under divine right.

Question 43

What did Louis XIV do during his reign?

Answer 43

Was not a religiously tolerant person, was considered "The Most Christian King"; revoked the Edict of Nandes; patronized art that portrayed France in a grandoise manner

Question 44

Describe what occured in the War of Spanish Succession.

Answer 44

A situation in which a 1701 descendant of Louis the 14th inherited the Spanish throne, which alarmed the rest of Europe as they thought that the two would form an unstoppable power. In the end, Philip V ruled Spain, and France gave up a lot of its territory to England. (1701-1714)

Question 45

How was the state of France by the end of this time period?

Answer 45

Colbert and Louis XIV's many territorial expansions through war, which Colbert promoted because of his merchantilist mindset, proved costly and ineffective. However, Louis the 14th's patronizing of arts established France as a center for arts by 1750.

Question 46

How were the German areas during this time? (the Holy Roman Empire)

Answer 46

The Holy Roman Empire kinda lost access to Italy because Italian city-states were being controlled by wealthy families; consisted of Austria and some parts of Germany and other surrounding areas; was still pretty fuedal and was therefore weak

Question 47

How was Germany like compared to Spain, France, and England?

Answer 47

It unified much later because it got caught in a complicated web of rulers and was the center of a tangle of religious movements (remember, it was the heart of the Protestant Reformation)

Question 48

What are the three key details you MUST know about Germany in this time period?

Answer 48

- The Holy Roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to the Ottoman Turks - The Thirty Years' War weakened the role of Holy Roman emperors, leading to the rise of nation-states - By the 18th century, northern German city-states, especially Prussia, were gaining some

Question 49

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

Answer 49

Intended to settle the feud between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire in the mid-16th century

Question 50

What was the Thirty Years' War?

Answer 50

Began when Protestants in Bohemia questioned the authority of the Holy Roman emperor; it grew unto a massive war that involved France and Denmark, but the actual fighting occured in German, which was left heavily devastated

Question 51

What was the Peace of Westphalia?

Answer 51

Essentially the person after the Peace of Augsburg and inadvertently strengthened the power of small German states, particularly Prussia, and the Holy Roman Empire lost so, so much power

Question 52

Who were the major beneficiaries of the Thirty Years' War?

Answer 52

France, which ended up becoming the most powerful country in Europe in the 17th century, and Prussia, a German city-state

Question 53

Who was Ivan III?

Answer 53

Refused to pay Mongol tribute in 1480 and declared Russia free of Mongol rule

Question 54

Who was Ivan IV, or Ivan the Terrible?

Answer 54

Along with Ivan III, he helped to establish absolute rule in Russia and unifying it by offering peasants freedom if they conquered and settled in lands to the east, a transaction known as a boyar

Question 55

Who were the Cossacks?

Answer 55

The aforementioned peasant-soldiers who helped expand Russian territory

Question 56

Why was Ivan IV regarded as Ivan the Terrible?

Answer 56

Initially, it was meant as "formidable" or "impressive"; but in the 1560s, he regularly executed anyone who he saw as a threat to his power

Question 57

What was the Time of Troubles?

Answer 57

A brief period in the very early 17th century over who should be the czar after Ivan IV's death in which a pretendor to the throne would be killed by another one and so on. It ended when Micheal Romanov took to the throne.

Question 58

Compare Russia to the rest of Europe.

Answer 58

- Russia, in other words, had no considerable movements in comparison to Western Europe; its history progressed very differently - It didn't experience a Renaissance during this period

Question 59

By what date had Russian territory expanded considerably under the Cossacks?

Answer 59

1689

Question 60

What did the demands of a newly global economy require?

Answer 60

More labor and the rise of labor systems

Question 61

Who was Peter the Great?

Answer 61

Rule in the late 1600s and early 1700s; Wanted to weaternize Russia because he believed that's how Russia would be better; built St.Peterburg's as the new capital of Russia and became the center for Western European workers; elite women wore Western fashion; men had to shave their beards

Question 62

Who was Catherine the Great?

Answer 62

Aided in more Westernization of Russia, especially on education but also reinforced serfdom and limited the growth of the merchant class; helped in Russia's expansion westward; ruled in mid to late 1700s

Question 63

Who was Osman Bey?

Answer 63

Leader of the Ottoman Turks; the empire grew from Anatolia and expanded to challenge Byzantium; it overtook Constantinople in 1453

Question 64

Through what geographical features did Russia gain physical access to the West?

Answer 64

The Baltic and Black Seas; | Also do note that China and Japan actually did not want to be Westernized in this time period

Question 65

How did the Ottomans maintain power?

Answer 65

By handing over large tracts of lands called timars to aristocrats

Question 66

What was devshirme?

Answer 66

The Ottomans practiced this; they employed Christian youngsters and made them become warriors or bureaucrats

Question 67

How did Istanbul become a center of Islamic civilization?

Answer 67

Istanbul became this center in part because the ruler of the Ottomans was a self-proclaimed heir to the throne; Also their empire was huge and demanded attention

Question 68

Who was Suleiman I?

Answer 68

Led the golden age of the Ottoman Empire by encouraging the arts; was leader during the time that the Ottomans took over sizable portions of Hungary and went into Austria, but they were never really able to take it over

Question 69

When did the Ottoman Empire cease to keep being an empire?

Answer 69

1922

Question 70

Why were the Western powers in Europe able to dominate?

Answer 70

In part because Ottoman rule kept Eastern Europe in a constant state of flux

Question 71

Who were the Safavids?

Answer 71

Chief rivals of the Ottomans; practiced Shia Islam; was in modern-day Iran

Question 72

Who was Babur?

Answer 72

Established the Mughal (Mongol) Empire; claimed to be a descendent of Chinggis Khan

Question 73

What did the fact that the Deccan Plateau in southern India remained mostly isolated allow?

Answer 73

This allowed Hindiusm to remain dominant

Question 74

Who was Akbar, the ruler of the Mughal Empire?

Answer 74

Governed under religious toleration; allowed Hindiusm and Islam to be practiced openly; eliminated the jizya

Question 75

After Akbar, two notable developments occured in the Mughal Empire. Name them.

Answer 75

After him, religious toleration ended; by 1700, Muslims began persecuting Hindus, and Hindus were starting to rebel; Portugal began interacting with Goa, but the British East India Company came along and interacted more with the Indians through trade ports.

Question 76

What was the Songhai empire?

Answer 76

A sub-Saharan empire that had economic ties with the broader Muslim world through the trans-Saharan trade of salt and gold; fell to the Moroccans with guns

Question 77

What was the Asanti Empire?

Answer 77

Arose in the 17th century; wealthy from trade and had a very organized military

Question 78

What was the Kongo Empire?

Answer 78

Engaged in a mutually beneficial relationship with Portugal until the Portuguese grew in avarice for more slaves; this led to conflict and wars where the statw declined

Question 79

How did Angola in southern Africa grow into a powerful state?

Answer 79

This occured through trade with the Portuguese, especially on slaves

Question 80

Up til when did the Ming dynasty rule? When did it start?

Answer 80

1644; mid-14th century

Question 81

Describe some notable traits of the Ming dynasty.

Answer 81

-reinvigorated Chinese culture to get rid of Mongol influences -built huge fleets; These huge fleets were captained by Zheng He; these expeditions were abruptly stopped, however, because the Chinese did not want to seem reliant on ither nation-states; increasingly, China became more isolated -attempted to prop its failing economy by adopting a "single whip" system based on silver; Japan initially supplied this silver, but upon hearing of the silver in South America, China established trade relations with Spain through the Philippines; the increaing silver being brought into China led to inflation

Question 82

What led to the downfall of the Ming dynasty?

Answer 82

The Ming emperor invited a group of Qing warriors to help suppress peasant uprisings. But these Qing warriors ended up ousting the emperor; they ended up establishing their own dynasty that lasted until 1911; the Ming dynasty experienced famines; by the 16th century, the Ming dynasty was already beginning to decline as their port cities were raided and Europeans creeped closer

Question 83

How did the introduction of American crops influence China during this time period?

Answer 83

These crops from the Americas could be grown in uncultivated areas and were high in calories, which led to a population boom in China, one that could not be sustained; in Europe, the introduction of the potato stabilized a food supply and a population

Question 84

How did the Qing accommodate the Chinese?

Answer 84

They initially wanted to be seen as an ethnic elite, but they needed help in running China, so the civil service examinations were re-opened

Question 85

What were imperial portraits?

Answer 85

These were used to allow the Qing to appeal to their Chinese subjects; they even included books

Question 86

Did expansion occur under the Qing dynasty?

Answer 86

Yes

Question 87

How did the Machu show that they were fierce protectors of their culture?

Answer 87

Christianity was banned and trade with Europe was limited to one city

Question 88

When did Japan begin becoming centralized?

Answer 88

So, Japan began becoming centralized at around the same time Weaternization occured in the 16th century

Question 88

When did Japan begin becoming centralized?

Answer 88

So, Japan began becoming centralized at around the same time Weaternization occured in the 16th century

Question 89

Who was Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1600?

Answer 89

Established the Tokugawa Shogunate, which ruled until the 19th century; established a class system that operated similarly to the Indian caste system

Question 90

What was the Edo Period in Japan?

Answer 90

Edo is now modern-day Japan; Christians were persecuted during this era in Japan since open attitudes to Japan's Westernization were not welcome during this time period

Question 91

What was the National Seclusion Policy of 1635?

Answer 91

Was a very strict policy thar secluded Japan so thay it wouldn't be conquered by the Europeans coming over; it heavily limited trade

Question 92

Contrast India, China, and Japan's reaction to European growth.

Answer 92

Tokugawa has a right to be cautious of the Europeans since India, the least suspecting of them, ended up being overrun by the British

Question 93

What occured under the rise of a strong central authority in Japan?

Answer 93

The Japanese underwent a Renaissance of their own; The art and intellectual property produced in this period was meant exclusively for domestic consumption