Unit 5 Respiration

Question 1

What is the functions of respiration

Answer 1

• gas exchange
• control of pH
• olfactory receptors
• filtration of air
• regulation of heat + H20
• Sound production

Question 2

Aerobic metabolism

Answer 2

02 + glucose -> co2 and energy

Question 3

diffusion

Answer 3

• high to low concentration
• passive
• sufficient for organism

Question 4

Graham’s Law

Answer 4

diffusion rate is inversly porportional to the square root of Molecular weight
-o2 and co2 diffuse at similar rates

Question 5

Fick’s Law

Answer 5

rate of diffusion = change in P * A * D / change in X

p= gas gradient, partial pressure between two compartments

a= surface area for gas exchange

D= diffusion coefficient (depends on the MW and permeability of the barrier

change in X = the distance the gas must travel

Question 6

Gas Laws

Answer 6

PV= nRK

Question 7

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

Answer 7

• the partial pressure of a substance in independent of the gases around it
• total pressure = sum of all the partial pressures

Question 8

Bunsen Solubility coeffieceint

Answer 8

• varies with gas, temperature, and liquid

- O2 solubility decreased with increasing temp and ionic strength

Question 9

Air

Answer 9

• gases are more soluble
• energy must be expended on ventilation
• in and out ventilation
• ventilation is keyed to CO2

Question 10

H20

Answer 10

• gases are less soluable
• CO2 is more soluable than O2
• CO2 diffusion is more effective than O2
• Easy CO2 diffusion
• Flow through ventilation
• Ventilation is keyed to O2

Question 11

H20 vs Air (O2 solubility, density, viscosity, heat capacity)

Answer 11

O2 1/30 in h20 : 1 Air
density 800 H20 : 1 Air
Viscosity 50 H20 : 1 Air
Heat Capacity 3000: 1 Air

Question 12

Nature of the respiratory epithelial

Answer 12

• large SA an small distance

- lung SA = 50 -100 m2 , Body SA = 2 m2

Question 13

4 Steps of Gas transfer

Answer 13

1. Ventilation/ Breathing movement
2. Diffusion of gases across the respiratory epithelium
3. Bulk transfer/ transport of gases in the blood
4. Diffusion of gases between blood and cells

Question 14

Henry’s Law

Answer 14

quantity of dissolved gas (Q)=alpha * P
alpha= solubility coefficient
P= partial pressure

Question 15

Respiratory Pigments

Answer 15

• enhances bloods capability to carry 02
• vertebrates = hemoglobin and myoglobin
• other respiratory pigments = hemocyanin, hemerythrin, chlrocurin
• antarctic fish lack respiratory pigments - instead they increase blood volume and cardiac output

Question 16

P50

Answer 16

pO2 when Hb is 50% saturated - high P50 = low O2 affinity

Question 17

Bohr effect

Answer 17

• reduced O2 affinity resuting from decrease pH and/or increased CO2
• Bohr coefficient change in log P50/ change in pH
• tissues - increased CO2= right shift = more O2 unloaded
• lungs - increased CO2 = left shift = increase CO2 loading

Question 18

temperature effect on Oxygen and CO2 levels

Answer 18

• increased temp= right shift = more O2 unloaded

- ectotherms = increased temp = increased metabolic rate but decreased O2 loading and solubility

Question 19

Organic Phosphates

Answer 19

increased organoposphates = right shift
decreased organophosphates = left shift
mammals = 2,3 diphosphoglycerates (DPG) increases with decreased O2

Question 20

Developmental hemoglobin

Answer 20

-fetal hemoglobin has a left shift - higher O2 affinity

Question 21

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 21

Affects the beta-chain of human hemoglobin and causes bemoglobin polymer formation (distorts erythrocytes)

Question 22

Three forms of Carbon Dioxide transport in the Blood

Answer 22

1. physical transport - molecular CO2
2. Carbamino CO2: protien-NH2 + CO2 into H+ + protein-NCOO-
   only beta-globin chains in fish and amphibians have terminal -NH2 avialable
3. HCO- ions

Question 23

Transfer of Gases at tissues

Answer 23

CO2 enters / leaves blood as molecular CO2
carbonic anhydrase: Catalyzes CO2 conversion to HCO3- within blood cells
chloride shift; RBC permeable to HCO3- and Cl- via Band III protien

Question 24

Lamprey and hagfish transfer of gases in tissues

Answer 24

lack band III: CO2 transport primarily as HCO3- in rbc

Question 25

Transfer of gases at tissues

Answer 25

Haldane effect: deoxy-Hb has a higher affinity for H+ than oxy-Hb i. Deoxygenated blood has a higher CO2 content (at a given PCO2) than oxygenated blood ii. Oxygenation of Hb releases H+ (lowers pH of cell interior in lungs to balance CO2 decrease ) iii. Deoxygenation of Hb bin

Question 26

Cutaneous blood vessels

Answer 26

absorb O2 by diffusion across the skin | Max arterial p O2

Question 27

Problems with Cutaneous Respiration

Answer 27

- limited SA - limits size and metabolism | - vulnerable to abrasion and dessicaiton

Question 28

lung development

Answer 28

-develops as the diverticula of the gur

Question 29

lung complexity and oxygen uptake

Answer 29

-complexity varies from amphibians- reptiles-mammals - Critical factor is the surface area Oxygen uptake is highter per unit body weight in small mammals and children

Question 30

Respiratory and non-respiratory regions

Answer 30

trachea, bronchus and bronchiole, alveolus, alveolar sac

Question 31

Mammalian Model of gas exchange

Answer 31

ciculated, pool-type gas exchange mechanism PaO2

Question 32

Lung anatomy: Birds

Answer 32

small compact lung with thin-walled air sacs, Lung volume ~50% of mammalian; respiratory vol. 3X mammalian - small diffusion distance (o.1 um) - little change in lung volume - unidirectional - air sacs are like bellows - volume changes by movement of sternum and ribs - 2 respiratory cycles

Question 33

Avian Model of Gas exchange

Answer 33

- air flow= posterior to anterior - cross current arrangement pa02 > peO2 - high altitude tolerance

Question 34

Lung anatomy: Reptiles

Answer 34

- thoracic cage: ribs, no diaphragm - passive exhalation - turtles/ tortoises: ribs fused to rigid shell- Outward movement of limbs, ventral shell

Question 35

Lung Anatomy: Frogs

Answer 35

Air through the nares into the buccal cavity through the glottis to the lungs -raising and lowering the buccal floor: multiple inhalations possible, incomplete exhalations (reduce CO2 oscillations?)

Question 36

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 36

- divided systems: equal cardiac output, lowwer pressure in pulmonary than systemic - control mechanisms: local decrease in PO2 or pH causes vasoconstriction, only minor response to neural control or drugs

Question 37

Pulmonary Circulation Distribution

Answer 37

flow rate parameters: Pa (arteriol), Pv (venous), PA (alveolar) -variation in vertical lung

Question 38

Breathing Jargon

Answer 38

look at these terms

Question 39

Human Pulmonary Values

Answer 39

Anatomical dead space ~150 ml Tidal volume (VolT): ~500 ml (10% lung vol) Alveolar ventilation volume (VolA)~350 ml Residual volume ~2000 ml Breathing rate (BR) 10-15 X/min

Question 40

Sufactans

Answer 40

mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians -surfactans can be lipoprotein complexes, lower surface tension, reduced breathing effort, prevent alveolar collapse, reduce breathing effort, prevent alveolar collapse

Question 41

head and water loss in the lungs

Answer 41

inspired air- warmed and humidified in lungs - nasal passages control heat and water loss - water condenses in nose during exhalation

Question 42

Poikilotherms and head +water loss

Answer 42

-less O2 required, less ventilation, less water and heat loss

Question 43

Gills

Answer 43

evagination- intenal or extenal- extensive folding high ventilation rate in comparison with air

Question 44

Gills- flow of Air

Answer 44

- bills between buccal and opercular chambers - buccal and opercular pumps - unidirectional and nearly continuous water flow - ram ventilation

Question 45

Gill anatomy for Teleosts

Answer 45

- 4 gill arches/side - 2 rows of filaments/arch - many lamellae/ filament - covered by mucous layer

Question 46

gill anatomy- lamellae

Answer 46

- sieve - highly collagenous - respiratory surface - blood flow opposite water flow

Question 47

Lamellar structure;

Answer 47

- 2 epithelial sheets - pillar cells - sheet flow diffusion barrier -mucous layer, respiratory epithelium, blood (5 um)

Question 48

Concurrent vs. counter-current exchange

Answer 48

review graphs on slides

Question 49

Ventilation to perfusion rations

Answer 49

Va (rate of ventilation) / Q (rate of perfusion

Question 50

Neural Regulation of Respiration

Answer 50

2 aspects: pattern, rhythm