UNIT 5 QUIZ

Question 1

The Human Genome Project

Answer 1

Result of new scientific work on DNA

Question 2

Biosocial Theories

Answer 2

• suggest biological traits interact with environment to shape behavior
• Categorized in terms of evolutionary psychology, neuroscience, and biochemicals
• “broader and more powerful”

Question 3

Evolutionary Psychology types

Answer 3

• Conditional Adaptation Theory
• Alternative Adaptation Theory
• Evolutionary Expropriative Theory

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Question 4

Conditional Adaptation Theory

Answer 4

• Crime is a biological response to hostile environments
• Designed to ensure survival and reproduction

Question 5

Alternative Adaptation Theory

Answer 5

• Some people inherit a tendency to engage in crime
• These individuals are driven more by mating urges than by nurturing urges

Question 6

Evolutionary Expropriative Theory

Answer 6

• All humans have a genetic potential for crime
• Humans are genetically driven to acquire resources to ensure reproduction
• May be displayed if environmental factors encourage it

Question 7

Neurological Theories

Answer 7

• Violence and serious crime may be associated with frontal lobe dysfunction or injury
• Long history of tracing various forms of crime to head and brain injuries

Question 8

Sarnoff Mednick
Central Nervous System Theory (1977)

Answer 8

• High-risk individuals inherit an abnormal autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• They are less sensitive to environmental stimuli
• Less likely to inhibit antisocial behavior
• Individuals with normal ANS experience fear reduction by inhibiting crime
• Because fear reduction is a powerful effect, that person will learn to
  inhibit future antisocial activity and crime

Question 9

Hypoarousal Hypothesis

Answer 9

• Low pulse rate, blood pressure, and reduced skin conductance of electricity
• Hypoaroused subjects show lower responses to environmental stimuli

Question 10

Two Neurological Theories to Explain Hypoarousal

Answer 10

• Fearlessness Theory
• Stimulation Theory

Question 11

Fearlessness Theory

Answer 11

• Low levels of brain arousal are markers for low levels of fear
• The fearless are less likely to avoid situations that bring trouble with the law

Question 12

Stimulation Theory

Answer 12

• Low levels of arousal creates an unpleasant psychological state
• Results in seeking out trouble to get sensory stimulation to avoid boredom

Question 13

Biochemical Theories

Answer 13

• Focus on sex hormones and neurotransmitters
• Concentrates on connections between testosterone and aggression
• The chemical effect of testosterone lowers sensitivity to stimuli
• This contributes to aggression, problems with emotional control, and violence
• Other neurotransmitters linked to aggression are low levels of serotonin,
  low levels of dopamine, and high norepinephrine

Question 14

Biosocial theories risk factors

Answer 14

-Over 70% of cases can be attributed to genetics, but environment matters too

-ADHD, ODD, CD, addiction, alcoholism

Question 15

Criminal Career Research

Answer 15

• When does crime begin (Onset)?
• How long does crime last (Duration)?
• How frequently is crime is committed (Incidences)?
• When does crime stop (Desistance)?

Question 16

Life-Course/Developmental Theories

Answer 16

• Criminal behaviors develop over time and are not the result of one constant underlying biological, psychological, or social condition
• both continuity and stability in criminal behavior
• What happens during childhood is related to delinquency and adult crime

Question 17

Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy Theory

Answer 17

• Continuity - Life-course persistent offenders (LCP) begin engaging in antisocial behavior during childhood and continues beyond adolescence

-Change - Adolescent limited offenders (AL) have no antisocial tendencies
during childhood, change during adolescence, and desist into adulthood

Question 18

Continuity is fostered by three considerations:

Answer 18

1. LCPs have a restricted behavioral repertoire due to their neuropsychological deficits
2. They become ensnared by consequences of antisocial behavior
3. Those who persist in offending into adulthood experience unsavory outcomes

Question 19

Developmental Taxonomy Theory * Two main criticisms:

Answer 19

1. Can offenders be easily divided neatly into two distinct groups?
2. Do LCPs and ALs really exist or are they invented concepts by researchers when they draw artificial cutoff points in their data?

Question 20

explaining continuity and change in offending: types

Answer 20

1. There is only continuity/stability in offending (Example?)
2. Offending is marked by either continuity or change
3. Offending is marked by continuity and change
4. Theories that focus chiefly on change in offending

Question 21

Life Course Persistent Offenders (LCP)

Answer 21

These offenders have neuropsychological deficits
* Affect verbal development and executive functioning

Question 22

Adolescence Limited Offenders (AL)

Answer 22

Adolescent antisocial misconduct is motivated by a maturity gap and is reinforced by the reactions it evokes

• The vast majority of ALs do not persist in their offending
• Since ALs are psychologically healthy, they experience decreased motivation
• Some can still become ensnared (e.g., pregnancy, incarceration, etc.)

Question 23

developmental taxonomy theory types of offenders

Answer 23

• Non-Offenders/Conformists
• AL
• LCP
• Late Starters
• Early Starters

Question 24

Sampson and Laub :Age grade theory

Answer 24

Strong continuity in antisocial behavior from childhood through adulthood across a variety of life domains

• If meaningful social bonds are established during adulthood, though, they can function as a “turning point” that leads offenders into conformity

Question 25

Integrated Theories

Answer 25

Combine concepts from two or more theories into one
framework

Question 26

Delbert Elliott, Suzanne Ageton, and Rachelle Canter:
Integrated Strain-Control Paradigm (1979)

Answer 26

Draws on strain, control, and social learning theories
* Suggests that factors from each theory might be important at different life
stages