UNIT 3 QUIZ

Question 1

Labeling Theory

Answer 1

-people’s behavior are influenced by the label attached to them by society.
-Labeling offenders as “criminals” and/or “delinquents” via state intervention may have unanticipated (& ironic) consequences of causing the behavior it was meant to address.
-The state faced “legitimacy crisis”; citizens no longer trusted competence of government officials.

Question 2

Frank Tannenbaum

Answer 2

the first to state that interventions “dramatize evil”
* The individual is tagged, defined, and treated as a criminal and acts accordingly.

Question 3

Labeling Theories: Social Construction of Crime

Answer 3

Labeling theorists urged criminologists to abandon the idea that
behaviors are somehow inherently criminal
* What makes an act criminal is not necessarily the harm that it causes
* Instead, an act is criminal only based on whether act is labeled by the state
* It is the nature of society that determines whether a crime has occurred
* Changes over time, across societies, etc.

Question 4

Karl Heusenstamm: Black Panther Bumper Stickers experiment

Answer 4

15 students without any driving violations selected (5 White, 5 Black, 5 Hispanic)
* Within just 17 Days, the students had 33 driving citations

Question 5

Chambliss: Saints and Roughnecks study

Answer 5

Study of two groups of high school boys
* “Saints” came from middle-class families
* “Roughnecks” came from lower-class families in poorer neighborhoods
* Both engaged in delinquency—skipping school, fighting, vandalism–but different consequences
OUTCOME: Most “Saints” went to college and earned professional careers
* Many “Roughnecks” never graduated high school
* Many ended up in prison or dead

Question 6

Labeling Theory individual characteristics?

Answer 6

Race
Gender
Class

Question 7

Lemert two types of deviance

Answer 7

1. primary deviance
2. secondary deviance

Question 8

Primary deviance

Answer 8

• The criminal rationalizes their behavior as a temporary or sees it as part of an acceptable role
• Does not accept a deviant status or label

Question 9

Secondary deviance

Answer 9

Caused by the responses of others to the initial illegal conduct

• As societal reaction intensifies, the criminal is stigmatized through “labeling and stereotyping”
• Accepts the deviant status as part of identity

Question 10

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 10

A false definition of a situation that evokes a new behavior which makes the originally incorrect conception become true

Question 11

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy stages

Answer 11

Our actions (towards others) IMPACT

Others beliefs (about us) CAUSE

Others actions (towards us) REINFORCE

Our beliefs (about ourselves) INFLUENCE

Question 12

Braithwaite’s Reintegrative Shaming Theory

Answer 12

• Has the intention of invoking remorse in the person being shamed
• Shaming can be disintegrative or reintegrative

Question 13

disintegrative shaming

Answer 13

negative labeling by the justice system that
tends to stigmatize and exclude targeted individuals

Question 14

reintegrative shaming

Answer 14

involves expressions of community disapproval
followed by reacceptance into the community of responsible law- abiders

Question 15

Four major policy recommendations: for Labeling Theory

Answer 15

1. Decriminalization
2. Diversion
3. Due process
4. Deinstitutionalization

Question 16

Decriminalization

Answer 16

the reduction of penalties for victimless offenses such as drugs and prostitution.

Question 17

Diversion

Answer 17

seeks to prevent individuals from criminal justice sanctions.

examples: Welfare/mental health agencies, substance abuse programs, job training classes
* Home incarceration and other community sanctions

Question 18

Due Process

Answer 18

extends legal protections to offenders.

policies result in fairer and shorter
sentences and reduce the extent and effects of state intervention.

Question 19

Deinstitutionalization

Answer 19

advocates the use of alternative sentencing
options to lessen the amount of individuals sentenced to prison.

the U.S. has abandoned deinstitutionalization and
chosen instead to incarcerate offenders at unprecedented
numbers

Question 20

Conflict Theory

Answer 20

Focus on power differentials that exist between individuals and groups
* Roots in sociological and political perspectives

Karl Marx, is a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources.

Question 21

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engles

Answer 21

• Crime was a result of a decrease of social unity
• Could only be reduced if harmony could be regained
• Problem seen in economic terms
• Division of labor is the unjust exploitation of one social class by another
• Proposed a revolution against the system to encourage socialism
• Marx & Engles were at the forefront of conflict sociology

Question 22

Capitalism

Answer 22

• Conflict is increased by inequality in the distribution of scarce resources
• Those receiving less resources would eventually question the legitimacy of the arrangement

Question 23

The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Answer 23

destroy capitalism and build socialism

Question 24

Georg Simmel

Answer 24

Saw conflict as a normal part of life.

• Not a problem, but rather a typical aspect of social order and interactions
• Focused on the consequences of conflict instead of the causes of it

Question 25

Willem Bonger

Answer 25

Crime must be traced to an unfavorable environment that distorts human nature
* Saw an unfavorable environment generated by the rise of Capitalism
* Created division between the “rulers” and the “ruled”

“Egoism” made people more capable of committing crimes against one another
* Individuals seek pleasure by any means possible without regard for others

Question 26

Conflict theory: Micro or Macro?

Answer 26

Macro theory (community level theory)

Question 27

Conflict Theory: Morality

Answer 27

The system legalizes the egoistic actions of the powerful and penalizes the egoistic actions of the powerless

Question 28

Three factors contributed to the rise of criminological conflict theory development:

Answer 28

1. The Vietnam War
2. The growth of the “counterculture”
3. The protests over discrimination and police use of power to suppress dissent

Question 29

Four factors behind the shift to new conflict theory:

Answer 29

1. Skepticism toward theories that trace crime to individuals
2. Shift from assumption that criminal justice problems were due to individuals and to the idea that they are inherent in the system
3. Rejection of the assumption that criminal laws represented the collective will of the people
4. Official crime rates did not reflect the amount or nature of
   criminal behavior that was actually present in society

Question 30

William Chambliss

Answer 30

The criminal justice system tended to treat those of lower social
class position more harshly than those of higher class for the same offense.

Question 31

Steven Spitzer

Answer 31

Increase efficiency
* Using technology makes work faster and cheaper and can increase profit
* Reduce labor force
* A company that runs on the least amount of labor has the greatest profit

Question 32

Instrumental Marxism

Answer 32

the capitalist elite are an all-knowing few who
knowingly pull the strings to ensure that their interests are served

Question 33

Structural Marxism

Answer 33

the basis of law resides in class relations in
general rather than within the conscious control of the capitalists

The rich and the poor are equally subject to punishment if they threaten the stability of capitalism.

Question 34

Peacemaking Criminology

Answer 34

Accepts the notion that conflict is at the root of crime
* Advocates policy response using positive mediation policies
* Build trust and a sense of community

Question 35

Critical Theory

Answer 35

Shares the perspective that the sources of crime stem from the fact that unequal class, race/ethnic, and gender relations control society

Question 36

Green Criminology

Answer 36

Refers to the study of environmental harm, laws and
regulation
EXAMPLES: pollution, illegal trade of species,
illegal harvesting, irresponsible disposal of toxic materials,
ecological consequences of technologies, etc.

Question 37

“Environmental justice”

Answer 37

refers to how social practices and hazards impact
specific populations defined by class, gender, age, and ethnicity

Question 38

“Ecological justice”

Answer 38

refers to the relationship between human beings and
the rest of the natural world

Question 39

“Speciesism”:

Answer 39

the practice of discrimination against nonhuman animals

Question 40

Convict Criminology

Answer 40

Empowered and gave voice to ex-cons & prison workers in research