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CRJU 304 CRIM THEORY > UNIT 2 QUIZ > Flashcards

UNIT 2 QUIZ Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Merton

A

theorized that when society goes through rapid social change, normal structure is disrupted.

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2
Q

Strain Theories

A

developed in response to the early views of biological
theories and the Chicago School.

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3
Q

Five Modes of Adaptation (Goals / Means)
(Anomie Theory)

A
  1. conformist
  2. innovators
  3. rebels
  4. retreatists
  5. ritualists
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4
Q

Conformists

A

accept the goals and the means to attain them. Only non-deviant
adaptation. Most people adapt to strain through conformity.
Subscribe to the american ideal

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5
Q

Innovators

A

Accept the goal of success, but reject the ways to attain it. Instead
they turn to illegitimate means. Criminals are most likely in this group.
EX: sell drugs, rob, bank fraud

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6
Q

Rebels

A

Actively oppose the goals and the means to achieve them. Resist all
society structure (anarchists). Wish to create new goals and new means.
EX: anti-capitalist , anti-wall street

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7
Q

Retreatists

A

Do not subscribe to the means or goals, but do not actively oppose
them. (homeless, drug users, etc.)

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8
Q

Ritualists

A

Recognize the means to achieve success, but do not have any desire
to attain it. (blue collar workers, etc.)

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9
Q

Is Anomie Theory a macro or micro theory?

A

both macro and micro

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10
Q

Is Anomie Theory a general or specific theory?

A

specific

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11
Q

Robert Agnew proposed there were three sources of strain:

A
  1. Failure to achieve valued goals
  2. Removal of a valued stimuli
  3. Presentation of a negative stimuli
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12
Q

Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory

A

Agnew’s conception included the role of negative emotions, particularly anger
* Negative emotions create pressure for corrective action

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13
Q

Is Agnew’s General Strain Theory a macro or micro theory?

A

micro

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14
Q

Messner and Rosenfeld’s Institutional Anomie Theory

A

suggests that American culture values financial insinuations over other institutions (education, health, family, community, politics, popular culture)

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14
Q

Is Institutional Anomie Theory a macro or micro theory?

A

macro

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15
Q

Control Theories

A

based on Emile Durkheim’s view that individuals are born antisocial
* Control theory takes the position that conformity cannot be taken for granted
* Since crime is fun and rewarding, when controls are absent, crime often does
occur
* Crime should be expected when social controls are absent or ineffective

16
Q

Charles Cooley’s “Looking-Glass Self”

A

Child develops concept of “self” by imagining how he/she appears to others
* How others interpret and understand us

17
Q

George Herbert Mead

A

Divided the individual into the “I” and the “Me”
* The “I” represents a fundamental awareness of the elf
* This leads to the development of the “social self” or the “me”

18
Q

Why did Control theories come about?

A

the 1960s was a time of massive social change which
seemed to signal the collapse of personal and social control
* Civil Rights, Vietnam War, Feminism, Hippies, psychedelic drugs, etc.

19
Q

Walter Reckless’s Containment Theory

A

Searched for factors that would explain why some succumb to social pressures to
crime, while others are resilient in the same circumstances
* Resiliency: People who, despite facing many criminogenic risk factors, resist crime

20
Q

Reckless “pushes” and “pulls”

A
  • Some factors might “push” a person towards crime (biological/psychological, poverty, etc.)
  • Other factors might “pull” one toward crime (illegitimate opportunities, criminal peers,
    etc.)
21
Q

Factors in Outer Containment

A

Reasonable limits or boundaries, laws, meaningful prosocial activities,
group reinforcement, positive relationships, etc.

22
Q

Factors in Inner Containment

A

Positive self-concept, goal orientation/direction, tolerance for frustration,
acceptance of norms, etc.

23
Q

Gresham Sykes & David Matza Five Techniques of Neutralization

A
  1. Denial of responsibility: “It’s not my fault!”
  2. Denial of injury: “It didn’t really hurt anybody!”
  3. Denial of the victim: “They had it coming!”
  4. Condemnation of the condemners: “You’ve done it too!”
  5. Appeal to higher loyalties: “I didn’t do it for myself!”
24
Q

Travis Hirschi’s social bond theory

A

The central premise is that crime arises when social bonds are weak or
absent
* A bond is what connects a person to society

25
Q

Travis Hirschi’s Four Major Social Bonds

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Commitment
  3. Involvement
  4. Belief
26
Q

Attachment

A

is the emotional closeness youths have with adults (especially
parents)

27
Q

Commitment

A

the desire to achieve conventional goals
* Because they invest so much, they do not want to “ruin their future”

28
Q

Involvement

A

Amount of time and energy devoted to a given set of activities

29
Q

Belief

A

refers to the agreement and approval of prosocial values and norms
* Impressions of opinions that are highly dependent on social reinforcement

30
Q

Hirschi & Gottfredson’s General Theory of Crime

A

Self-control is created early in life and is theorized to remain stable throughout
life
* Gottfredson and Hirschi believe it is set by age 10

31
Q

Gottfredson and Hirschi Three key ways of effective parenting

A
  1. Monitoring Behavior
  2. Recognizing Deviance
  3. Punishing Appropriately
32
Q

Gottfredson and Hirschi Six Dimensions of Low
Self-Control

A
  1. Impulsivity
  2. Self-Centeredness
  3. Temper
  4. Risk-Seeking Behavior
  5. Preference for Simple Tasks
  6. Preference for Physical
    Activities
33
Q

John Hagan’s Power-Control Theory

A

extended concepts of control theory to
explain gender differences in criminal involvement
* Critical issue is balance of power between parents and how it shapes socialization

34
Q

Power-Control theory patriarchal families:

A

parents exercise greater control over females than male
children
* Daughters are socialized to be feminine; sons encouraged to be bold and
aggressive
* The result is that boys have stronger preferences for risk taking increasing crime

35
Q

Power-Control theory egalitarian families:

A

parents exercise control over female and male children similarly
* The result is that daughters’ and sons’ risk preferences are more alike, and
therefore, their rate of criminal behavior is similar

CRJU 304 CRIM THEORY (5 decks)

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