UNIT 2 QUIZ

Question 1

Robert Merton

Answer 1

theorized that when society goes through rapid social change, normal structure is disrupted.

Question 2

Strain Theories

Answer 2

developed in response to the early views of biological
theories and the Chicago School.

Question 3

Five Modes of Adaptation (Goals / Means)
(Anomie Theory)

Answer 3

1. conformist
2. innovators
3. rebels
4. retreatists
5. ritualists

Question 4

Conformists

Answer 4

accept the goals and the means to attain them. Only non-deviant
adaptation. Most people adapt to strain through conformity.
Subscribe to the american ideal

Question 5

Innovators

Answer 5

Accept the goal of success, but reject the ways to attain it. Instead
they turn to illegitimate means. Criminals are most likely in this group.
EX: sell drugs, rob, bank fraud

Question 6

Rebels

Answer 6

Actively oppose the goals and the means to achieve them. Resist all
society structure (anarchists). Wish to create new goals and new means.
EX: anti-capitalist , anti-wall street

Question 7

Retreatists

Answer 7

Do not subscribe to the means or goals, but do not actively oppose
them. (homeless, drug users, etc.)

Question 8

Ritualists

Answer 8

Recognize the means to achieve success, but do not have any desire
to attain it. (blue collar workers, etc.)

Question 9

Is Anomie Theory a macro or micro theory?

Answer 9

both macro and micro

Question 10

Is Anomie Theory a general or specific theory?

Answer 10

specific

Question 11

Robert Agnew proposed there were three sources of strain:

Answer 11

1. Failure to achieve valued goals
2. Removal of a valued stimuli
3. Presentation of a negative stimuli

Question 12

Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory

Answer 12

Agnew’s conception included the role of negative emotions, particularly anger
* Negative emotions create pressure for corrective action

Question 13

Is Agnew’s General Strain Theory a macro or micro theory?

Answer 13

micro

Question 14

Messner and Rosenfeld’s Institutional Anomie Theory

Answer 14

suggests that American culture values financial insinuations over other institutions (education, health, family, community, politics, popular culture)

Question 14

Is Institutional Anomie Theory a macro or micro theory?

Answer 14

macro

Question 15

Control Theories

Answer 15

based on Emile Durkheim’s view that individuals are born antisocial
* Control theory takes the position that conformity cannot be taken for granted
* Since crime is fun and rewarding, when controls are absent, crime often does
occur
* Crime should be expected when social controls are absent or ineffective

Question 16

Charles Cooley’s “Looking-Glass Self”

Answer 16

Child develops concept of “self” by imagining how he/she appears to others
* How others interpret and understand us

Question 17

George Herbert Mead

Answer 17

Divided the individual into the “I” and the “Me”
* The “I” represents a fundamental awareness of the elf
* This leads to the development of the “social self” or the “me”

Question 18

Why did Control theories come about?

Answer 18

the 1960s was a time of massive social change which
seemed to signal the collapse of personal and social control
* Civil Rights, Vietnam War, Feminism, Hippies, psychedelic drugs, etc.

Question 19

Walter Reckless’s Containment Theory

Answer 19

Searched for factors that would explain why some succumb to social pressures to
crime, while others are resilient in the same circumstances
* Resiliency: People who, despite facing many criminogenic risk factors, resist crime

Question 20

Reckless “pushes” and “pulls”

Answer 20

• Some factors might “push” a person towards crime (biological/psychological, poverty, etc.)
• Other factors might “pull” one toward crime (illegitimate opportunities, criminal peers,
  etc.)

Question 21

Factors in Outer Containment

Answer 21

Reasonable limits or boundaries, laws, meaningful prosocial activities,
group reinforcement, positive relationships, etc.

Question 22

Factors in Inner Containment

Answer 22

Positive self-concept, goal orientation/direction, tolerance for frustration,
acceptance of norms, etc.

Question 23

Gresham Sykes & David Matza Five Techniques of Neutralization

Answer 23

1. Denial of responsibility: “It’s not my fault!”
2. Denial of injury: “It didn’t really hurt anybody!”
3. Denial of the victim: “They had it coming!”
4. Condemnation of the condemners: “You’ve done it too!”
5. Appeal to higher loyalties: “I didn’t do it for myself!”

Question 24

Travis Hirschi’s social bond theory

Answer 24

The central premise is that crime arises when social bonds are weak or
absent
* A bond is what connects a person to society

Question 25

Travis Hirschi’s Four Major Social Bonds

Answer 25

1. Attachment
2. Commitment
3. Involvement
4. Belief

Question 26

Attachment

Answer 26

is the emotional closeness youths have with adults (especially
parents)

Question 27

Commitment

Answer 27

the desire to achieve conventional goals
* Because they invest so much, they do not want to “ruin their future”

Question 28

Involvement

Answer 28

Amount of time and energy devoted to a given set of activities

Question 29

Belief

Answer 29

refers to the agreement and approval of prosocial values and norms
* Impressions of opinions that are highly dependent on social reinforcement

Question 30

Hirschi & Gottfredson’s General Theory of Crime

Answer 30

Self-control is created early in life and is theorized to remain stable throughout
life
* Gottfredson and Hirschi believe it is set by age 10

Question 31

Gottfredson and Hirschi Three key ways of effective parenting

Answer 31

1. Monitoring Behavior
2. Recognizing Deviance
3. Punishing Appropriately

Question 32

Gottfredson and Hirschi Six Dimensions of Low
Self-Control

Answer 32

1. Impulsivity
2. Self-Centeredness
3. Temper
4. Risk-Seeking Behavior
5. Preference for Simple Tasks
6. Preference for Physical
   Activities

Question 33

John Hagan’s Power-Control Theory

Answer 33

extended concepts of control theory to
explain gender differences in criminal involvement
* Critical issue is balance of power between parents and how it shapes socialization

Question 34

Power-Control theory patriarchal families:

Answer 34

parents exercise greater control over females than male
children
* Daughters are socialized to be feminine; sons encouraged to be bold and
aggressive
* The result is that boys have stronger preferences for risk taking increasing crime

Question 35

Power-Control theory egalitarian families:

Answer 35

parents exercise control over female and male children similarly
* The result is that daughters’ and sons’ risk preferences are more alike, and
therefore, their rate of criminal behavior is similar