Unit 5: personality and Disorders Flashcards
our characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting
personality
emphasizes the significance of human traits in the study of human personality
focuses on human traits
pyschologists favor
open to the diversity of characteristics
trait theory
emphasizes the significance of distinct type of personality
different types of personality
over simplification of human personality
ignores the diversity
type theory
based on the four moods
black bile > melancholic
yellow bile > choleric
phlegm > phegmatic
blood > sanguine
four temperaments of personality
basic impulses (sex aggression);
seeking immediate gratification;
irrational and impulsive
Operates at uncouncsious level
id
executive mediating between id impluses and superego inhibitions; testing reality; rational.
operates mainly at coscious level but also at preconscious level.
ego
ideals and morals; striving for perfection; incorporated from parents; becoming a person;s conscience. Operates mostly at preconscious level.
superego
the mind is mostly hidden from us (uncoscious)
personality comes from our conflict between the id, ego and superego
develops during distince psychosexual stages
Freud’s Theory of Personality
people will strive towards self-actualization when their basic needs are met
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Unambiguous test items with limited range of responses
objectively scored
paper and pencil questionnaires
series of direct, brief statements or questions and either true/false or multiple-choice options
objective personality test
ambiguous stimuli
open-ended range of client responses
based on assumption that clients reveal personalities by how they make sense of vaguely defined objects or situations
projective personality test
characterstic ways of behaving or a disposition to a act or feeling a certain way
trait
long questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors that assess several traits at once
personality inventory
Utilizes the NEO-PI-3
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
big five
Imaginative, likes variety, independent
openness
Organized, careful, disciplined
conscientiousness
sociable, fun-loving, affectionate
extraversion
soft-hearted, trusting, helpful
agreeableness
anxious, insecure
neuroticism
How has the focus of personality psychology shifted?
person vs situation controversy
personailty is about people’s average behaviors
people act differently depending on a LOT of factors
Social-cognitive perspective
behavior is influenced by the interaction of the person’s traits and their social environment
Personality is largely determined by _______.
genetics
what is the proposed sixth factor of the “Big Five” personality types?
honesty/humility
personal factors influence environmental factors influence behaviors
reciprocal determinism
upsetting
distress
prevents you from doing things
dysfunction
risk of harm to self or others
- Suicidality
- Homicidality
- NSSI (Non-Suicidal Self-Injury)
danger
not considered to be “normal”
deviance
the assumption that psychopathology is the result of one’s biology
medical model
standard classification of mental disorder used by mental health professionals in the US
DSM-V
Tenseness, apprehension, and a state of nervous system arousal
excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for 6+ months
difficulties in concentration
can lead to physical problems (high blood pressure, sleep disturbance)
generalized anxiety disorder
a specific anxiety disorder that requires fear and avoidance to be diagnosed
Has to be extreme in social situations
social anxiety disorder
Persistant, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
examples can include animals, insects, heights, blood, or closed spaces
specific phobias
what disorder includes:
obsessions
compulsions
hoarding
body dysmorphic disorder
Body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs)
obsessive-compulsive disorder
unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
common obsession: concern with contamination, death/illness/disasters, order/exactness
common compulsions: excessive grooming, rituals, checking behaviors
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Haunting memories, nightmares, hyper vigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4+ weeks after traumatic event
post-traumatic stress disorder
at least 5 of the following oveer a 2 week period
- depressed mood most of the time
- dramatically reduced interest or enjoyment in most activities most of the time
- significant challenges regulating appetite and weight
- significant challenges regulating sleep
- physical aggitation or lethargy
- feeling listless or with much less energy
- feeling worthless or feeling unwarranted guilt
- problems in thinking, concentrating, or making decision
- thinking repetitively of death and suicide
major depression disorder
how you explain things like failures, things not going well, stressors, etc.
explanatory style
learn to believe that nothing can be change or can be done
learned helplessness
a group of disorders marked by:
- irrational ideas
-distorted perceptions
-loss of contact with reality
includes:
schizophrenia
schizoaffective disorder
brief psychotic disorder
delusional disorder
substance-induced psychotic disorder
psychotic disorder
“split” “mind”
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
positive symptoms
negative symptoms
disturbance presists for atleast 6 months
schizophrenia
Why does schizophrenia considered to be a “split mind”?
the mind is split from reality (not from itself)
inappropriate behaviors present
- hallucinations (visual/auditory)
- delusions (paranoid delusions, delusions of grandeur)
- disorganized speech
positive symptoms
appropriate behaviors that are absent
- flat affect
- alogia (somewhat lacking speech)
- avolition (decrease in self-directed purposeful activities)
- anhedonia (decreased motivation, pleasure)
- associality
negative symptoms
formerly multiple personality disorder
one individual has two or more distinct identities that alternate
dissociative identity disorder
Dissasociative disorders are almost always a result of
trauma
disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
- limited capacity for empathy
- disregard for what is considered “right” and “wrong”
- disregard for/violation of the rights of others
- childhood diagnosis of conduct disorder
symptoms:
-lower levels of emotional intelligence
- impulsive behavior
- low levels of fear
- chronic deceitfulness
- difficulty maintaining a job
- low arousal in response to threats
antisocial personality disorder
Grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
diagnositc criteria
- impairments in self-functioning due to:
- identity
- self-direction
-impairments in interpersonal function
- empathy
- intimacy
-pathological personality traits
- antagonism characterized by:
- grandiosity
- attention-seeking
narcissistic personality disorder
is a narcissitic personality disorder the same thing as narcissism?
no
Preoccupation with order and details that results in the person missing the point of an activity
perfectionism that hinders completion
devotion to work and productivity to an extent that isx excessive and not explained by economic needs
excessive conscientiousness and inflexibility related to morality or value (not explained by one’s culture/religion)
inability to get rid of worn/worthless objects, even if they lack sentimental value
reluctance to delegate tasks to or work with other unless things are done his or her way
belief that money should be hoarded for emergencies and reluctant to spend mnoney on oneself or others
rigidy and stubbornness
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
starvation or excessive exercise, despite being underweight; inaccurate self-perception of weight
anoriexia nervosa
What are eating dsorders really about?
control and controlling the environment
binging followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors (vomiting, laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise)
bulimia nervosa
significant binge episodes, without any compensatory behavior, followed by distress, guilt, or disgust
binge-eating disorder
conditions with onset during developmental (usually early development) period
intellectual disability
communication disorders
autism spectrum disorder
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
motor disorders
specific learning disorder
neurodevelopmental disorder
- social communication deficits
- nonverbal communication deficits
- deficits in social reciprocity
- deficits in having/understanding relationships
- restrictive/repetitive patterns
- stereotypes motor movements, use of objects, or speech
- insistence on sameness, difficulty changing from a routine
-highly restricted fixated interests
-hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory stimuli
- present in early development
autism spectrum disorder
inattention: 6+ symptom/s for younger than 16, 5+ for 17+
- often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work, or with other activities.
- often has trouble holding attention on tasks or play activities
- often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly
- often does not fllow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (loses focus, side-tracked)
-often has trouble organizing tasks and activities
- often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to do tasks that require mental effort over a long period of time
- often loses things necessary for tasks and activities (e.g. school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses, mobile telephones)
- is often easily distracted
- is often forgetful in daily activities
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- primariy inattentive type
hyperactivity or impulsivity
- often fidgets with or taps hands or feet, or squirms in seat
- often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected
-often runs about or climbs in situations where it is not appropriate (adolescents or adults may be limited to feeling restless)
- often unable to play or take part in leisure activities quietly
- is often “on the go” acting as if “driven by a motor”.
- often talks excessively
- often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed.
- often has trouble waiting their turn
- often interrupts or intrudes on others (butts into conversation or games)
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- primariy hyperactivity type
What are the three types of ADHD?
- primarily inattentive type
- primarily hyperactive type
- combined type
why is autism disorder considered a spectrum?
because there are varying levels of severity for the components
What are some common myths about suicide?
Talking about suicide increases the chance a person will act on it.
People who talk about suicide are just seeking attention
Suicide can’t be prevented.
People who take their own lives are selfish, cowards or weak.
Barriers to bridges, safe firearm storage and other actions to reduce access to lethal methods of suicide don’t work
What are the pros and cons of using the DSM?
DSM categorizes symptoms. not all conditions are all inclusive of every symptom. everyone is different
Waht is the difference between fear and phobias?
The American Psychological Association defines fear as a rational reaction to a potentially dangerous event or object.
Phobias, however, are irrational fears triggered by either specific or general events or items.
What are some common myths about autism?
MYTH: Everyone with autism is either non-verbal or a savant. …
MYTH: People with autism are best suited for jobs that entail repetitive tasks. …
MYTH: People with autism cannot form relationships. …
MYTH: Vaccines cause autism.
