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Psy100 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

what is the chemical messenger released from the neuron

A

neurotransmitter

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2
Q

What part of the brain makes up the lower part of the brainstem and comprises of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

A

Hindbrain

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3
Q

What part of the brain is the topmost part of the brainstem, and is the connection central between the brain and spinal chord

A

Midbrain

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4
Q

what part of the brain is anterior and includes the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalumus

A

Forebrain

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5
Q

What part of the brain is primarily associated with emotional processes?

A

amygdala

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6
Q

What part of the brain relays messages between midbrain and the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

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7
Q

What are the largest lobes in the brain and important for voluntary movements, expressive language, and for managing higher level executive functions

A

Frontal Lobes

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8
Q

What results from the fertilization of a single egg by a single sperm, and then splits in two?

A

Monzygotic twins

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9
Q

What is the branch of psychology that studies the mental adaptations of humans of a changing environment; differences in behavior, cognition, and brain structure?

A

Evolutionary psychology

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10
Q

What is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a stimulus to be detected?

A

Absolute Threshold

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11
Q

What is the minimum amount of change it takes for a stimulus to be detected?

A

Difference Threshold
or
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

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12
Q

photoreceptor cell in retina that is sensitive to light levels; also concentrated in the outer areas of the retina and give us peripheral vision

A

Cones

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13
Q

photoreceptor cell in retina that gives us color vision and help us see in fine details; also concentrated in the center of our retina

A

Rods

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14
Q

any of a group of hormones secreted within the brain and nervous system and having a number of physiological functions

A

endorphins

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15
Q

the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.

A

Zone of Proximal Development

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16
Q

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

A

classical conditioning

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17
Q

the initial stage of learning or developing of a skill, habit, or quality.

A

acquisition

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18
Q

recognition and understanding of the difference between one thing and another.

A

discrimination

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19
Q

When the association goes away

A

extinction

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20
Q

applying the association to more than just the conditioned stimulus

A

generalization

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21
Q

refers to the process of rewarding or reinforcing desirable behavior in order to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future; adding something.

A

Positive reinforcement

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22
Q

involves adding an aversive stimulus after an unwanted behavior to discourage a person from repeating the behavior

A

positive punishment

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23
Q

occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior.

A

negative reinforcement

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24
Q

removal of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior in order to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

A

Negative reinforcement

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25
Q

what term describes the gender that an individual feels that they are?

A

gender identity

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26
Q

what is social learning theory?

A

we learn by observing and imitating others. we are taught what it means to be a boy or a girl sometimes using operant conditioning.

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27
Q

What is the difference between sex and gender?

A

sex is assigned at birth and is determined by genetic code. Gender is a cultural social construct that an individual expresses.

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28
Q

describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative.

were really good with short terms stress, but NOT with long-term stress

A

General Adaptation Syndrome

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29
Q

overvaluing the dispositional attribution and undervaluing the situational attribution

A

fundamental attribution error

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30
Q

a large part of our self-concept is based on our membership in certain social groups (and our perceptions of people who aren’t in those groups).

A

Social Identity theory

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31
Q

generalized beliefs about a group of people

A

stereotype

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32
Q

refers to our belief that the world is fair, and consequently, that the moral standings of our actions will determine our outcomes

A

just world phemonenon

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33
Q

social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in presence of other people

A

bystander effect

34
Q

beliefs that confirm themselves by influencing the other country to react in ways that seem to justify those beliefs

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

35
Q

Haunting memories, nightmares, hyper vigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4+ weeks after traumatic event

A

post-traumatic stress disorder

36
Q

“split” “mind”
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

positive symptoms
negative symptoms
disturbance presists for atleast 6 months

A

schizophrenia

37
Q

disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
- limited capacity for empathy
- disregard for what is considered “right” and “wrong”
- disregard for/violation of the rights of others
- childhood diagnosis of conduct disorder

symptoms:
-lower levels of emotional intelligence
- impulsive behavior
- low levels of fear
- chronic deceitfulness
- difficulty maintaining a job
- low arousal in response to threats

A

antisocial personality disorder

38
Q

conditions with onset during developmental (usually early development) period

intellectual disability
communication disorders
autism spectrum disorder
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
motor disorders
specific learning disorder

A

neurodevelopmental disorder

39
Q
  • social communication deficits
    • nonverbal communication deficits
    • deficits in social reciprocity
    • deficits in having/understanding relationships
  • restrictive/repetitive patterns
    • stereotypes motor movements, use of objects, or speech
    • insistence on sameness, difficulty changing from a routine
      -highly restricted fixated interests
      -hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory stimuli
  • present in early development
A

autism spectrum disorder

40
Q

inattention: 6+ symptom/s for younger than 16, 5+ for 17+
- often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work, or with other activities.
- often has trouble holding attention on tasks or play activities
- often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly
- often does not fllow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (loses focus, side-tracked)
-often has trouble organizing tasks and activities
- often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to do tasks that require mental effort over a long period of time
- often loses things necessary for tasks and activities (e.g. school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses, mobile telephones)
- is often easily distracted
- is often forgetful in daily activities

A

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- primariy inattentive type

41
Q

hyperactivity or impulsivity
- often fidgets with or taps hands or feet, or squirms in seat
- often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected
-often runs about or climbs in situations where it is not appropriate (adolescents or adults may be limited to feeling restless)
- often unable to play or take part in leisure activities quietly
- is often “on the go” acting as if “driven by a motor”.
- often talks excessively
- often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed.
- often has trouble waiting their turn
- often interrupts or intrudes on others (butts into conversation or games)

A

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- primariy hyperactivity type

42
Q

Why are hormones slower than neurotransmitters?

A

because they are transmitted through the blood

43
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

44
Q

Why are twin studies useful?

A

Foundational way of understanding genetics in terms of psychology. We can compare how genes and the environment impact someone’s behavior. Genes are not always active but can be influenced by environment as genes and experience can interact.

45
Q

the period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult. frontal lobe maturation lags behind emotional limbic system.

A

Adolescence

46
Q

How did Pavlov’s original experiment demonstrate classical conditioning?

A

Eventually the dogs associated the bell with the meat powder and salivated at the sound of the bell. Their body were conditioned to start salivating without meat stimulus.

47
Q

What is the source, receptor, and key brain areas associated with the touch sensory system.

A

Source: Pressure/temperature/harmful chemicals

Receptor: receptors mostly in the skin which can detect pressure warmth cold and pain

key brain: somatosensory cortex

48
Q

What is the source, receptor, and key brain areas associated with the taste sensory system

A

Source: chemical molecules in the mouth

Receptor: basic taste receptors for sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

key brain: frontal/temporal lobe border

49
Q

What is the source, receptor, and key brain areas associated with the smell sensory system

A

Source: chemical molecules breathed in through nose

Receptor: millions of receptors at top of nasal cavities

key brain: Olfactory bulb (bypasses thalamus)

50
Q

What do nonbinary cultural examples teach us?

A

there are many cultures that acknowledge more than two genders (ancient egypt, philippines, indigenous north america)

51
Q

How can we be gender-affirming?

A

Using Pronouns (asking, offering, apologizing, helping)

Beware of Common micro-aggressions (“real” man/woman)(“…for a trans person”)(“what’s your ‘real’ name”)

mindful about outdated terminology (“transgendered”, “transvestite”, “transsexual”)

52
Q

4 D’s of psychopathology

A

Dysfunction
Danger
Distress
Deviance

53
Q

participants was tasked with shocking another person for an incorrect answer with increased voltage until a “lethal” shock was initiated. An “authoritative figure” pushed the participants to continue despite inner conflict.

A

Milgram’s obedience study

54
Q

one person was put with a group that consistently gave wrong answers to see if the participant would conform with the group or independently answer with the correct answer.

A

Asch’s conformity Study

55
Q

defense mechanism that “ensures that what is unacceptable to the conscious mind, and would if recalled arouse anxiety, is prevented from entering it

A

repression

56
Q

what three factors compose prejudice?

A

negative emotions
stereotypes
discrimination

57
Q

How did Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Model change our thinking about memory?

A

showed the process of sensory memory > short-term memory > long term memory

58
Q

What is the difference between stress and trauma?

A

Dysfunction
Danger
Distress
Deviance

59
Q

What four things make us more likely to be attracted to someone?

A

Proximity
Attractiveness
similarity
people who like us

60
Q

What things have been shown to be important to long lasting relationships

A

equity
self-disclosure
positive support (5/1 interaction)
commitment

61
Q

our characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting

A

personality

62
Q

Utilizes the NEO-PI-3
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

A

big five

63
Q

Personality is largely determined by _______.

A

genetics

64
Q

the assumption that psychopathology is the result of one’s biology

A

medical model

65
Q

Dissasociative disorders are almost always a result of

A

trauma

66
Q

What are eating dsorders really about?

A

control and controlling the environment

67
Q

all psychotherapeutic techniques are equally effective in the end. Everybody wins, essentially. A therapist with skill and a close rapport between therapist and patient are just two of the fundamental principles shared by different psychotherapeutic techniques.

A

Dodo-Bird Verdict

68
Q

the standards that direct the conduct of its professional members

A

Ethical Principles

69
Q

refers to the collaborative relationship between a healthcare professional and a client or patient

A

therapeutic alliance

70
Q

Pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors addressed through cognitive-behavioral therapy.

A

therapeutic orientation

71
Q

refer to characteristics that are shared across all psychotherapy approaches and are thought to contribute to the beneficial effects of all competently implemented psychotherapeutic interventions

A

common factors

72
Q

psychodynamic
humanistic (person-centered therapy)

A

insight-based therapy

73
Q

therapy to change behaviors

-develop new/better behaviors

A

behavioral therapy

74
Q

What are the APA ethical principles?

A

Beneficence & Nonmaleficence, Fidelity & Responsibility, Integrity, Justice, and Respect for People’s Rights & Dignity.

75
Q

Is therapy effective?

A

yes

76
Q

What makes people change in therapy?

A

As the therapist listens, empathizes, and accepts the client’s experience and internal feelings, clients also increasingly listen to and accept their own experiences, even ones that previously felt scary, overwhelming, or shameful.

77
Q

What is common to all psychotherapies?

A

client centered

78
Q

Why do people have a therapeutic orientation?

A

a certain framework works for them

79
Q

What training does a psychiatrist need?

A

Medical degree +
4 years of training +
2 board exams

80
Q

Is a life coach a state-regulated mental health professional?

A

no

81
Q

when a client bring a concern, you have to be nonjudgemental and assume positivity no matter the basis of the concern.

A

Unconditional positive regard

82
Q

What type of therapy is about changing thoughts and behaviors?

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Psy100 (6 decks)

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