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Psy100 > Unit 2: Biological Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biological Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What allows a nerve cell to transmit an electrical signal down the axon towards other cells?

A

Action Potential

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2
Q

what part of the nervous system is responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed (breathing, heartbeat, digestion)?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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3
Q

what is a cell that is specialized to transmit nerve impulses

A

Neuron

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4
Q

what are the branched extensions of the nerve cell that collect the information communicated from other cells surrounding?

A

Dendrite

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5
Q

what is the part of the nerve cell that impulses are conducted from

A

Axon

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6
Q

What type of cell provides physical and chemical support to neurons (and manufactures most of the myelin sheath?

A

Glial cells

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7
Q

what wraps around the nerve axon and insulates the electrical wiring for the neuron

A

myelin sheath

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8
Q

what is the lowest point at which a stimulus will cause a response

A

threshold

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9
Q

what is the term that refers to the period of time where the response to a second stimulus is significantly slowed because a first stimulus is still being processed

A

Refractory period

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10
Q

What is the small gap between two neurons where nerve impulses are relayed between an axon and another cell’s dendrite

A

synapse

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11
Q

what is the chemical messenger released from the neuron

A

neurotransmitter

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12
Q

what part of the nervous system is the brain and spinal chord?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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13
Q

what part of the nervous system consist of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal chord?

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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14
Q

what part of the nervous system is a component of the PNS and is associated with the voluntary control of the body movements?

A

Somatic Nervous System

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15
Q

What nervous system network helps your body activate “fight-or-flight” response when danger is sensed?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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16
Q

What nervous system network predominates in “rest and digest” conditions?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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17
Q

what is a neural pathway that controls a reflex?

A

reflex arc

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18
Q

What is a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluid to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action?

A

hormone

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19
Q

What is the “master endocrine gland” that is attached to the base of the brain?

A

Pituitary Gland

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20
Q

What is made up of organs (glands) and produce/release different hormones to comprise feedback loops?

A

Endocrine System

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21
Q

What part of the brain makes up the lower part of the brainstem and comprises of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

A

Hindbrain

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22
Q

What part of the brain is the topmost part of the brainstem, and is the connection central between the brain and spinal chord

A

Midbrain

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23
Q

what part of the brain is anterior and includes the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalumus

A

Forebrain

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24
Q

What part of the brainstem links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus

A

Pons

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25
Q

what part of the brain links the cardiovascular and respiratory system together and controls heart rate, blood pressure, etc

A

medulla

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26
Q

what part of the brain is at the back of the skull in vertebrates and coordinates/regulate muscular activity

A

Cerebellum

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27
Q

What is the pathway for neural fibers, controls simple reflexes, and is in the hindbrain?

A

Spinal Chord

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28
Q

What network of brainstem nuclei and neurons serves as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary to survival?

A

Reticular formation

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29
Q

What part of the brain involves our behavioral and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviors we need for survival?

A

The Limbic system

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30
Q

What part of the brain is primarily associated with emotional processes?

A

amygdala

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31
Q

what part of the brain produces hormones that control body temperature, heart rate, and hunger?

A

Hypothalamus

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32
Q

what part of the brain has a major role in learning and memory and is embedded deep in the temporal lobe?

A

Hippocampus

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33
Q

What is the part of the brain that consists of nerve fibers and joins the two hemispheres together?

A

corpus callosum

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34
Q

What part of the brain relays messages between midbrain and the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

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35
Q

what is the largest part of your brain and handles conscious thoughts and actions

A

Cerebrum

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36
Q

what is the outer layer of the brain’s surface (on top of the cerebrum) and is associated with memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, emotions, consciousness, and sensory functions?

A

Cerebral cortex

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37
Q

What are the largest lobes in the brain and important for voluntary movements, expressive language, and for managing higher level executive functions

A

Frontal Lobes

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38
Q

What Lobe is vital for sensory perception and integration, including managing taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell; home to brain’s primary somatic sensory cortex?

A

Parietal Lobes

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39
Q

What Lobe is vital for visual processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation

A

Occipital lobe

40
Q

What lobes are most commonly associated with processing auditory information?

A

Temporal lobes (opposite side of the ear stimulated)

41
Q

what region of the frontal lobe is responsible for the control of voluntary movement?

A

Motor Cortex

42
Q

What region of the brain is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain?

A

Somatosensory Cortex

43
Q

What is an area of the cerebral cortex that functions in linking and coordinating the sensory and motor areas?

A

Association area

44
Q

What is the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics?

A

Genetics

45
Q

What are a structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells?

A

Chromosomes

46
Q

What special type of studies are designed to measure the contribution of genetics as opposed to the environment?

A

Twin studies

47
Q

What results from the fertilization of a single egg by a single sperm, and then splits in two?

A

Monzygotic twins

48
Q

What results from the fertilization of two separate eggs with two different sperm during the same pregnancy?

A

Dizygotic twins

49
Q

What is the study of how your behavior and environment can changes that affect the way your genes work?

A

Epigenetics

50
Q

What is the branch of psychology that studies the mental adaptations of humans of a changing environment; differences in behavior, cognition, and brain structure?

A

Evolutionary psychology

51
Q

What is the feeling, or perception resulting from something that happens or comes into contact with the body?

A

Sensation

52
Q

What is the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through senses?

A

Perception

53
Q

What type of processing involves perceiving things based on one’s own prior experiences and knowledge?

A

Top-Down Processing

54
Q

What type of processing involves sensory analysis that begins at the entry level - what our senses can detect?

A

bottom-up processing

55
Q

What is the term for one form of energy converting into another?

A

Transduction

56
Q

What is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a stimulus to be detected?

A

Absolute Threshold

57
Q

What is the minimum amount of change it takes for a stimulus to be detected?

A

Difference Threshold
or
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

58
Q

What explains that the subjective sensation is proportional to the background intensity (i.e. a noisy environment requires louder conversation tone)?

A

Weber’s Law

59
Q

What kind of stimulus may be perceived and processed in the brain but does not elicit awareness of perception?

A

Subliminal stimulus

60
Q

What refers to the way our senses adjust to different stimuli? (i.e. turning the lights on when it’s dark)?

A

Sensory Adaptation

61
Q

What refers to a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way?

A

perceptual set

62
Q

What is the conception of a common things to all members; a General mental concept?

A

schema

63
Q

What describes the influence of environmental factors on one’s perception of a stimulus?

A

context effects

64
Q

Neurotransmitters are what type of messengers?

A

Chemical

65
Q

What is the term for the change in electrical charge due to positively charged ions flowing into the negatively charged axon?

A

Depolarization

66
Q

Why are hormones slower than neurotransmitters?

A

because they are transmitted through the blood

67
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system and how are they different?

A

Central Nervous system and Peripheral Nervous system. CNS – brain and spinal cord
PNS- everything else

68
Q

What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system and what is the difference between them?

A

Somatic and Autonomic
Somatic – voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
Autonomic- involuntary movement of smooth muscles and glands of organs

69
Q

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system and what is the difference between them?

A

Sympathetic – fight or flight
Parasympathetic – rest and digest

70
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Motor neuron
sensory neuron
interneuoron

71
Q

What type of neuron carries outgoing information from the brain and spinal chord to the muscles and glands?

Central > peripheral

A

Motor Neuron

72
Q

What type of neuron carries incoming information from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal chord

Peripheral > central

A

Sensory Neuron

73
Q

What type of neuron connects the incoming and outgoing messages (inside the central)?

A

Interneuron

74
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Sends hormones

75
Q

What is the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters?

A

hormones- slower than neurotransmitters because they are transmitted through the blood
Neurotransmitters- chemicals that make up the message itself, kind of like a language that neurons use to talk to each other.

76
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Endocrine’s system’s most influential gland and located in the brain—regulates growth and secretes lots of different hormones.

77
Q

What are the three main divisions of the brain?

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

78
Q

Which of the three divisions of the brain were the first to develop and helps to regulate autonomic functions, relay sensory information, coordinate movement, and maintain balance and equilibrium?

A

Hindbrain

79
Q

which of the three divisions of the brain were the last to develop and processes sensory information, helps with reasoning, and problem solving, and regulates autonomic endocrine and motor functions?

A

Forebrain

80
Q

Which of the three divisions of the brain help regulate movement and process auditory and visual information?

A

Midbrain

81
Q

What are the main components of the hindbrain?

A

Pons
medulla
reticular formation
cerebellum
spinal cord

82
Q

What are the main components of the forebrain?

A

Corpus collosum
thalamus
limbic system
cerebrum

83
Q

What are the main components of the limbic system?

A

Amygdala
hypothalamus
hippocampus
pituitary

84
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

85
Q

Where are the motor cortex and what do they do?

A

In the frontal lobe; controls motor output for opposite side

86
Q

Where are the somatosensory cortexes and what do they do?

A

In the parietal lobe; controls sensory input for the opposite side

87
Q

What are association areas and why are they important?

A

The rest of the cerebral cortex that is not motor/somatosensory. Make the connections for higher mental functioning like learning, personality, morality, planning, etc.

88
Q

Why is there a myth we only use 10% of our brain

A

Came from the way we started to understand the motor cortex and somatosensory cortex. These parts of the brain were the only areas with a physical reaction, but we use the rest of the for higher complex stuff.

89
Q

How many lobes in each part of the brain?

A

4 lobes each

90
Q

How is the focus of genetics different from the focus of evolutionary psychology?

A

Genetics focuses on what makes us different from one another. Evolutionary psychology focuses on what makes us like each other.

91
Q

Why are twin studies useful?

A

Foundational way of understanding genetics in terms of psychology. We can compare how genes and the environment impact someone’s behavior. Genes are not always active but can be influenced by environment as genes and experience can interact.

92
Q

What is the importance of the gene-environment interaction?

A

By studying gene-environment interaction, we can look at how genes impact the psychology because personality is determined more by genes than environment factors.

93
Q

What does it mean by genes are self-regulating?

A

Genes react based on the environment meaning they may not always be active.

94
Q

What is the basic idea of natural selection?

A

Organisms’ varied offspring compete for survival. Certain biological and behavioral variations increase organism’s reproductive and survival chances in their environment. Offspring that survive are more likely to pass their genes to ensuing generations. Thus, over time, population characteristics may change.

95
Q
A

Psy100 (6 decks)

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