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Molecules Of Life > Unit 5- Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 5- Molecular Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of a nucleotide in RNA

A
  • ribose sugar
  • nitrogenous base
  • phosphate
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2
Q

4 nitrogenous bases in RNA

A
  • uracil
  • adenine
  • guanine
  • cytosine
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3
Q

What are the complements of nucleic bases in RNA?

A
  • adenine & uracil

- guanine & cytosine

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3
Q

Why does protein synthesis take place?

A

To create proteins needed for you body through RNA

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4
Q

3 main differences between DNA & RNA

A

DNA- thymine
RNA- uracil

DNA-deoxyribose
RNA- ribose

DNA- double helix
RNA- single twisted strand

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6
Q

3 types of RNA

A
  • messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • transfer RNA (tRNA)
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7
Q

Reactants and products of protein synthesis

A

Reactants
- DNA/ RNA bases
Products
-amino acids to make proteins

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8
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism
(The base sequences)
Ex) ACGTATCG

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical traits of DNA.

Ex) brown hair; green eyes

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9
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

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10
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Transcription enzyme that links RNA nucleotides together

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11
Q

RNA splicing

A

After transcription, introns (non coded regions are taken out and exons (expressed regions) are put together

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12
Q

Cell differentiation

A

increasing specialization in structure and function of cells

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13
Q

Stem cells

A

Cells that remain undifferentiated and can change to various types of cells

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14
Q

Why is cell differentiation important?

A

different types of cells create functioning organisms

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15
Q

What are the two types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic & after birth stem cells

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16
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Highly versatile- they can become any cell they want

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17
Q

After birth stem cells

A

Unable to make the full range of cells. But can still change to different cells

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18
Q

Stem cell controversy

A

The ways that stems cells are squires may be an ethical/ moral issue

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19
Q

Gene expression

A

transcription and and translation of genes into proteins

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20
Q

What are the ways to retrieve stem cells for research?

A
  • Embryos
  • bones
  • umbilical cords
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21
Q

GMO

A

Genetically modified organisms

Ex) corn, leaner meat, Better wool

Created to achieve the consumer’s wants and needs

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22
Q

How are GMO’s created

A

Insert a gene from the same species of animal to another

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24
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Techniques for sorting DNA fragments

This creates the DNS fingerprint

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25
Q

How does gel electrophoresis work?

A

The DNA is charged slightly negative, so when electricity charges the gel, the DNA fragments move through the gel. The smaller the fragment, the further it goes.

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25
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

Combining genes from different sources (same or different species) into one single DNA molecule

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26
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

The banding pattern produced by gel electrophoresis and restriction fragments

(Everyone has a different DNA fingerprint)

27
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans

29
Q

Bacteria

A
  • used to introduce new genes into other organisms (plasmids)
  • mass production of useful genes and proteins
  • make medicine (human benefit)
  • can make a lot very fast (easily accessible
30
Q

structure of RNA

A

single twisted strand

31
Q

what happens during transcription?

A

DNA is turned into RNA

- mRNA is created (like DNA replication, but with only one strand & with uracil instead of thymine)

32
Q

where does RNA splicing occur

A

in the nucleus

before it leaves to go to the ribosome

33
Q

intron

A

a non coded region of RNA

34
Q

exon

A

a coded region in RNA

35
Q

translation

A

changing RNA to amino acids to make proteins

36
Q

what kind of RNA changes codons to amino acids?

A

tRNA

it read the codon and “translates”

37
Q

reactants and products of translation

A

reactant- mRNA

product- amino acids (proteins)

38
Q

where does translation occur

A

in ribosomes which are in the cytoplasm

39
Q

what kind of RNA makes up codons

A

rRNA

40
Q

what is the purpose of a codon

A

a three base sequence in mRNA to be read to match with amino acids to make proteins

41
Q

3 stop codons

A

UAA-UAG-UGA

to stop the ribosome from continuing the sequence and messing up the protein being made

42
Q

start codon

A

AUG

used to signal where a new amino acid sequence should start

43
Q

anticodons

A

a triplet of bases that is complementary to the codon in mRNA

44
Q

what type of RNA makes up anticodon

A

tRNA

45
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

  • the primary sequence of bases after transcription
  • carries the codons out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
46
Q

rRNA

A

reibosomal RNA

a type of RNA made up to create the ribosome which is needed to change the mRNA into amino acids

47
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

the anticodon and directs the amino acid to match up with the codons (anticodon and amino acids are connected together)

48
Q

what is attached to an anticodon

A

the amino acids

49
Q

what is the purpose of the genetic code table?

A

to “translate” what amino acids that codons code for

50
Q

mutation

A

any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

51
Q

3 types of mutuations

A
  • substitution
  • deletion
  • insertion
52
Q

substitution (mutation)

A

switching out one base for another

Ex) aCtgtca-> aTtgtca

53
Q

deletion (mutation)

A

taking out a base of the sequence

Ex) aCtgtca -> a_tgtca

54
Q

insertion (mutation)

A

adding in a base into a sequence

Ex) actgtca -> aGctgtca

55
Q

mutagen

A

physical or chemical agent that causes mutations

56
Q

examples of mutagens

A

most common is high energy radiation (from x- rays)

can also be chemicals similar to normal DNA bases

57
Q

plasmids

A

small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that is separate from the bacterial chromosome

58
Q

restriction enzymes

A

enzyme that cuts sugar- phosphate bonds in the DNA backbone at specific points within particular nucleotide sequences in DNA

59
Q

when are restriction enzymes used?

A

to cut apart foreign DNA to move fragments around

60
Q

Cloning DNA

A

1) restriction enzymes cut plasmids in one place and DNA in many places
2) the DNA fragment “sticky end” comes into the plasmid and connects according to the base pairing
3) DNA ligase joins the pieces- forming a recombinant DNA plasmid
4) bacteria takes in the recombinant plasmid
5) cell division results in many recombinant plasmids

61
Q

transgenic

A

GMO whose source of new genetic material is a different species (got new DNA from a different species)

62
Q

GMO controversy

A
  • threat of accidentally creating “super weeds”

- threat of significant health & environmental risks

63
Q

PCR

A

polymerase chain reaction

technique that makes many copies of DNA without using a living organism

64
Q

things needed for PCR

A
  • targeted DNA
  • DNA polymerase
  • primers
  • nucleotides
65
Q

process of PCR

A

put all the ingredients in a test tube, then heat it up to create the designated amount of DNA

Molecules Of Life (7 decks)

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