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Molecules Of Life > Chapter 7, 8, & 36 > Flashcards

Chapter 7, 8, & 36 Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
0
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organism that obtains food by eating other organisms

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1
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism that makes it’s own food.

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2
Q

Chemical energy

A

Potential to perform work due to the arrangement of atoms within molecules

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3
Q

Calorie

A

Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

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4
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine tri phosphate

Main energy source that cells use for most of their work

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5
Q

How does ATP form?

A

A phosphate is added to ADP

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6
Q

Types of cellular work

A

Chemical work
Transport work
Mechanical work

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7
Q

Chemical work

A

Building large molecules

ATP fuels dehydration synthesis which strings together amino acids

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8
Q

Mechanical work

A

Contraction of a muscle

ATP transfers phosphate groups to proteins

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9
Q

Transport work

A

Pumping solutes (ions) across the cellular membrane

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10
Q

Aerobic

A

Requiring oxygen

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11
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen

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12
Q

Equation for cellular reputation

A

C6 H12 O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2 O + ATP

Glucose+ oxygen= carbon dioxide+ water+ 38 ATP

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13
Q

Metabolism

A

All the cell’s chemical processes

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14
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A
  • Two membranes (inner and outer)
  • inner is folded for an increased surface
  • increased surface allows for more sites where reactions can occur
  • more reactions= more ATP
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15
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A

1) glycolysis
2) Krebs cycle
3) electron transport chain/ ATP synthase

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16
Q

What does glycolysis do?

A
  • breaks down glucose

- makes pyruvic acid

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17
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

The cytoplasm (outside the mitochondria)

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18
Q

How Waco many ATP are made with glycolysis?

A

2

2 used, 4 created

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19
Q

What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

A

Reactant- glucose

Product- ATP (2)

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20
Q

How many ATP are created with the Krebs Cycle?

A

2 ATP

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21
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondria

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22
Q

What are the reactants and products of the Krebs Cycle?

A

Reactants- broken down glucose from glycolysis

Product- carbon dioxide and ATP (2)

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23
Q

How many ATP does the electron transport chain make?

A

About 34

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24
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

Inner membrane (folds of the mitochondria)

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25
Q

What are the reactants and products of the electron transport chain?

A

Reactants- oxygen

Products- water and ATP (34)

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26
Q

What is ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

A

Connects ADP with a phosphate to create ATP

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27
Q

How many ATP are made in total for one glucose molecule?

A

Around 38 ATP

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28
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The making of ATP without oxygen

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29
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

The energy of motion

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30
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that is stores based on an object’s position or arrangement

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31
Q

Thermal energy

A

Total amount of energy associated with random molecular motion (can’t be used again)

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32
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A

Lactic and alcoholic fermentation

33
Q

What is lactic fermentation used for?

A

Used for short bursts of activity (for when you can’t create oxygen fast enough)

34
Q

What are the waste products of fermentation?

A

Lactic acid and alcohol

35
Q

What does lactic acid fermentation lead to?

A

Fermentation leads to a build up of lactic acid (feel fatigue)

36
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation?

A

Where microorganisms ( like yeast) are left in anaerobic environments, and ferment sugar and other foods. Making alcohol and carbon dioxide.

37
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles where photosynthesis occurs

38
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

Chemical compound that gives chloroplast their green color

39
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Part of leaves where oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit (inner membrane of chloroplast)

40
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Disk shaped sacs that are arranged in stacks called granum

41
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon

42
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

1) light reactions

2) Calvin cycle

43
Q

Where are light reactions?

A

Thylakoid membrane (in chloroplast)

44
Q

What are the reactants and products of light reactions?

A

Reactants- light energy + water

Products- oxygen

45
Q

What happens during light reactions?

A

Sunlight energy is converted to chemical energy

46
Q

What are the steps in light reactions?

A

1) chlorophyll captures light energy
2) chloroplasts use light energy to break down water
3) oxygen is released
4) hydrogen is sent to the Calvin cycle as ATP

47
Q

Where is the Calvin cycle?

A

The stroma in the chloroplast

48
Q

What are the reactants and products of the Calvin cycle?

A

Reactants- carbon dioxide

Products- glucose

49
Q

In the Calvin cycle, what is made into glucose?

A

Carbon dioxide
ATP
NADPH

50
Q

Is the Calvin cycle light independent or light dependent?

A

Light independent reaction

51
Q

What is a wavelength?

A

Length between each wave of electromagnetic energy ( determines different types of energy)

52
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

Range of different types of electromagnetic energy

53
Q

How do wavelengths relate to energy?

A

Shorter wavelengths are more damaging to organic molecules

54
Q

Pigments

A

Compound that gives objects their color

55
Q

How are colors shown?

A

The objects absorb all colors of light but the one it reflects

56
Q

What are the types of pigment in plants?

A

Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids

57
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

Absorbs blue- violet and red

Reflects green

58
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

Absorbs blue and orange

Reflects yellow- green

59
Q

Carotenoids

A

Absorb blue- green

Reflect yellow- orange

60
Q

How does carbon enter and exit our atmosphere?

A

Enters by cellular respiration

Exits by photosynthesis

61
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Ability of greenhouse gases to keep earth warm (trap the heat)

62
Q

Producers

A

Coverts light energy to chemical energy of organic compounds

63
Q

Consumers

A

Obtain energy from producers or other consumers

64
Q

Decomposers

A

Breaks down waste and dead organisms

65
Q

How does energy flow through our ecosystem?

A

As living things use chemical energy, they release thermal energy as heat to surroundings

66
Q

Food chain

A

Pathway of food transfer from one tropic level to another

67
Q

Tropic level

A

Feeding level in the ecosystem

68
Q

Herbivore

A

Eats only producers (horse)

69
Q

Carnivore

A

Eats only consumers (lion)

70
Q

Omnivore

A

Eats both producers and carnivores (humans)

71
Q

Levels of a food chain

A 
Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Quaternary consumers
72
Q

Detritus

A

The waste and remains of dead organisms

73
Q

Symbiotic relationship

A

A close interaction between species in which one if the species lives in or on the others

74
Q

Parasitism

A

Parasite obtains food while hurts other organism (+/-)

75
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit (+/+)

76
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits while it doesn’t effect the other (+/0)

77
Q

Predation

A

an interaction in which one organism eats another

78
Q

Predator

A

And animal that feeds on other living animals

79
Q

Prey

A

The animal that predators eat

80
Q

Energy budget for sun light?

A

1% goes to the producers for photosynthesis

81
Q

10% rule

A

Only 10% of energy moves up from the next level of the food pyramids

Molecules Of Life (7 decks)

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