Unit 5: Listening and Critical Thinking Flashcards
Listening
a process of receiving, assigning meaning to, and responding to messages
message complexity
A message that is detailed or characterized by a number of arguments and related evidence might be difficult to follow and comprehend
information overload
the state of being exposed to more messages than we can cognitively process at any given time
communication overload
when the constant connections and perpetual linkages one has with others and information via multiple communication modes becomes overwhelming
preoccupation / psychological noise
distractions due to one over-focusing on a single task, thought, or message that inhibits effective listening
self-talk
internal dialogue we have throughout our lives; an inner voice that is running commentary on what we do and experience
sender-receiver reciprocity
senders and receivers adapt to one another and share responsibility for listening effectiveness
imagined interactions
mental rehearsal of a message in anticipation of a difficult conversation
Paraphrasing
taking another’s message and restating it in your own words
empathy
the ability to perceive another’s messages through his or her worldview and experiences
critical thinking
internal process that involves:
- assessing the other communicator, the context, and the message
- producing a reasoned conclusion about the ideas being shared
source credibility
refers to a communicator’s competence, trustworthiness, and degree of perceived caring toward other communicators relative to the claims he or she is making
verbal communication
the sharing of information, among communicators, using language
language
a collection of words that are symbolic because they have arbitrary meanings governed by a system of rules
denotative meanings
The universal or dictionary definitions of words that groups agree on
Connotative meaning
These are contextual meanings that we associate with words, meanings that often express some kind of value beyond the commonly agreed upon definition
Abstract words
those that refer to intagibles (such as honor, love, and moral)
Concrete words
Words that represent tangible objects (such as car, rock, or a person’s name)
Hate speech
communication that vilifies a person or group based on discrimination against that person or group
euphemism
a polite and pleasant expression designed to substitute for a term that the sender believes lacks social acceptability
power language
conveys your own belief in, and attachment to, what you say
bias-free language
communicates respect through being sensitive to others’ sex, race, age, physical condition, and other characteristics
immediacy
refers to the perceived physical and psychological closeness that exists between communicators
kinesics
The study of body movements, including posture, gestures, and facial expressions
emblems
nonverbal movements that substitute for wods and verbalizations
illustrators
movements that either accompany or reinforce the meaning of a verbal code
affect displays
nonverbal movements that reveal emotion
adaptors
movements that communicators engage in, sometimes unconsciously, to relive stress and anxiety
regulators
movements that help communicators manage conversation
proxemics
the sutdy of the ways in which humans use and manage the space around them as a way of shaping meanings
two aspects of proxemics
territoriality
personal space
territoriality
how e establish and manfge space as belonging uniquely to us
personal space
the “bubble” that we create around ourelves and claim as our own
four zones of personal space
- intimate distance (up to 18 inches)
- personal distance (18 inches to four feet) used bu most Americans and western cultures for conversation with friends and acquaintances
- Social distance (4 feet to 12 feet) Implies formality and may be increased when one communicator has more power or status than the other. Most professional and worplace communication takes place at social distance
- public distance (greater than 12 feet away) used for public speaking and lecturing
chromemics
the ways in which communicators use time and the messages they communicate as a result of how they manage their time
Haptics
describes the use of touch in communication
Paralanguage
Category of nonverbal behavior referring to the uses of the voice other than to express words and phrases
paralanguage examples:
- Pitch, or the highness or lowness of a person’s voice
- Rate, or how fast or slow a person speaks
- Tone, or the variety of a person’s voice
- Disfluencies, such as the useo f pauses and nonwords (“ahh”, “umm”) and pronunciation (whether a speaker says a word correctly)
- Enunciation, or the clairty with which a speaker pronounces and says a word so that it results in understanding
- Silence
Artifacts
The ornaments and adornments they display on or around their physical person
