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Introduction to Communication > Unit 2. Basics of Communication > Flashcards

Unit 2. Basics of Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Communication

A

The exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages with the intent of stimulating particular meanings in the minds of others

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2
Q

Understanding

A

When we communicate successfully … that is to stimulate the meanings we intend in the minds of others

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3
Q

Misunderstanding

A

When we communicate unsucessfully … that is others do not interpret our meanings as we intend.

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4
Q

The Four Primary Challenges of Communication

A
  1. Effective communication requires significant intellectual and psychological resources.
  2. Not everyone we encounter will appreciate the value of communication.
  3. We may over-rely on digitally mediated communication
  4. We live in a diverse world where intercultural understanding can be difficult.
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5
Q

In order to communicate effectively:

A
  • We must determine how to best package and deliver a message by developing the ability to understand and predict the needs and potential responses of others.
  • During communication, we must be aware of and responsive to the feedback we receive from others to assess whether our approach is creating the mean­ings we intend in the minds of other communicators.
  • After an interaction, it is also important to pause, reflect, and evaluate both the process and outcome of communication in order to determine the next steps.
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6
Q

Examples of baggage that communicators bring to an interaction

A

emotions

past experiences

relation history

fear

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7
Q

How many text messages a day do millennials send

A

25+ per day

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8
Q

How many text messages a day does Gen-Xers send or receive per day?

A

12 per day

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9
Q

How many text messages per day do baby boomers send/receive per day

A

5

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10
Q

technostress

A

A state of communication overload, where we are simply unable to process and competently respond to all of the messages we are exposed to

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11
Q

Intercultural communication

A

communication between and among people and groups across national, ethnic, and other cultural boundaries.

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12
Q

The Linear Model of Communicaion

A
  • Phase 1: Deciding on the message. A sender (or source of message) selects a message to send to a receiver(s) in order to achive a desired outcome.
  • Phase 2: Encoding the message. The sender of a message assigns symbols, such as words, sounds, or gestures, to his or her thoughts and feelings.
  • Phase 3: Transmitting the message. A message is “sent” from sender to receiver, using a particular channel that is selected by the sender.
  • Phase 4: Perceiving the message. When a receiver detects that a message has been sent, he or she attends to it and perceives it in some fashion.
  • Phase 5: Decoding the message. The receiver translates the symbols (words, sounds, and gestures) perceived into thoughts and feelings.
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13
Q

Channel

A

The channel is the medium that carries the message, such as email, telephone, face-to-face communication, or a written document.

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14
Q

Encoding

A

Refers to a psychological process in which the sender of a message assigns symbols, such as words, sounds, or gestures, to his or her thoughts and feelings.

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15
Q

Decoding

A

When a receiver assigns meaning to the message that has been communicated, he or she is engaging in a psychological process known as decoding. Decoding the opposite of encoding (the activity that the sender engaged in at the beginning of the exchange).

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16
Q

Feedback

A

The verbal or nonverbal message that a receiver provides to the sender as he or she perceives and assigns meaning to the sender’s message

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17
Q

Transaction Model

A

Feedback, along with cosideration of the factors that make accurate decoding of messages diffcult, turn thelinear model into the transactional model

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18
Q

Context

A

Refers to the environment and situation in which communication occurs

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19
Q

Examples of Communication Context

A

Family

Classroom

workplace

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20
Q

Roles

A

Clearly defined and specialized functions that each member of the team possesses

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21
Q

Rules

A

Formal expectations that guide team members’ interactions with one another as well as their task performance

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22
Q

Communication competence

A

Refers to one’s ability to choose among available communicative behaviors to accomplish one’s goals during an encounter

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23
Q

Communication Competence is comprised of what three skills sets or dimensions

A
  • Appropriateness
  • Communication Skills
  • Motivation
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24
Q

The three stages of perception

A

selection

organization

interpretation

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25
Q

The four principals of selection

A
  • Selective Exposure
  • Selective Attention
  • Selective Perception
  • Selective Recall
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26
Q

Selective Exposure

A

states that we will attend to information that reinforces existing beliefs and disregard information that is at odds with our current position.

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27
Q

Selective Attention

A

Illustrates how, once we are engaged in a particular interaction, we focus on certain information and ignore other information.

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28
Q

Selective Perception

A

An ongoing way of selecting and filtering messages further, we begin to apply our own unique experiences to the message —our inclination to see, hear, and believe what we want to see, hear, and believe.

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29
Q

Selective Recall

A

We remember things that we agree with rather than things that are contrary to our beliefs.

30
Q

Organization

A

Organization refers to a communicator’s efforts to group information into meaningful units to make further sense out of the information. H

31
Q

Figure

A

Refers to the foreground or point of emphasis for your attention

32
Q

Ground

A

Represents the background of the particular stimuli that capture your focused attention.

33
Q

Closure

A

Is our ability to fill in missing information to complete a perception.

34
Q

Interpretation

A

assign meaning to stimuli.

35
Q

Self-Concept

A

Refers to the way you define yourself

36
Q

Self-Esteem

A

The degree to which you approve of, value, and like the concept that you have of yourself

37
Q

Stereotype

A

involves assuming a standard, generalized profile of an individual, because he or she belongs to a group

38
Q

Attribution error

A

interpreting our own or others’ behavior, we rely on faulty explanations, reasons, or information

39
Q

Two types of attribution errors:

A

Fudamental attribution error

Self-Serving bias

40
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

The mistake we make when we attribute other people’s positive characteristics and successes to external, situational factors, and their negative characteristics and failures to aspects of who they are

41
Q

Locus of causation

A

refers to whether the communicator’s behavior was motivated by an internal state (such as intelligence, compassion, or honesty) or an external factor (such as resources, luck, favoritism, or the situation).

42
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

When we are successful, we attribute our successes to some internal positive qualities—intelligence, charm, knowledge of current events or popular culture, persuasiveness, or competent communication. However, when we fail, we blame the situation

43
Q

Self-Presentation

A

is the strategic development and use of verbal and nonverbal messages that result in others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are.

44
Q

Impression Management

A

The deliberate use of verbal and nonverbal messages to create a particular impression among others (strategic presentation of self)

45
Q

Culture

A

Complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man [sic] as a member of society.

The learned and shared behavior of a community of interacting human beings

46
Q

Culture reflects what behaviors about people

A
  • Values and belives that they share
  • Lifestyles they lead
  • producs that they buy
  • rules that they follow
47
Q

Co-culture

A

Reflect the unique beliefs, wasys of thinking, communication patterns, and styles , and customs of members of particular groups that exist within the umbrella culture

48
Q

Globalization

A

The process of our world becoming ever more connected in economic, political, organizational, and personal terms

49
Q

The five primary characteristics of culture and co-cultural memberships that have an affect on human communication:

A
  1. individualism and collectivism
  2. high context and low context
  3. high power distance and low power distance
  4. masculinity and femininity
  5. polychronism and monochronism
50
Q

Individualism

A

values people who are assertive and speak for themselves, independent, and not reliant on others to any great extent

51
Q

Collectivism

A

value their membership in their particular in-group to such an extent that they place a greater importance on their role within the group than their role as an individual

52
Q

Context

A

Context refers to how much the message being communicated is understood through the communicator’s awareness of the environment and nonverbal cues

53
Q

Power Distance

A

The emphasis that a group places on status, rank, and power influences the communication patterns and styles of that group.

54
Q

High Power Distance

A

place a great deal of value on social rank and the status associated with certain occupations or political office

55
Q

Low Power Distance

A

People tend to communicate in ways that promote equality and diminish the barriers between people that status and rank create

56
Q

Masculinity

A

Value competitiveness and achievement, even at the expense of interpersonal relationships. Direct, forceful communication is valued and appreciated

57
Q

Feminity

A

Relationships, compassion, and nurturing are highly valued. Cooperation, listening, and showing empathy are important communication skills.

58
Q

Monochronic

A

Monochronic cultures tend to like doing one thing at a time, being punctual, and concentrating fully to meet their commitments. Monochronic people rarely cancel plans, tend to be very structured in their use of time and time lines, and can be highly irritated by interruptions or delays

59
Q

Polychronic

A

Tend to like working on multiple things at one time. Their style may seem chaotic and unfocused to a monochronic individual. Polychronic people are flexible in terms of starting times for appointments and deadline. They change plans and priorities easily, and the border between work or professional time and family or personal time is fluid for them (Clark, 2000). Thus, they are inclined to see no problem in leaving work early to attend a family function, or working on weekends or on what is typically thought of as personal time when they feel it is necessary.

60
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

the belief that one’s own culture and lifestyle are superior to all others

61
Q

technophobic

A

anxious or avoidant of using new media

62
Q

medium

A

a device that moves messages over distance or through time so that people who are not face-to-face can communicate

63
Q

New media

A

digital or networked information and communication technologies that have emerged since the latter part of the twentieth century

64
Q

Digital media

A

Digital codes including digitized photos, videos, or written words in which a tremendous amount is stored in a very small amount of space

65
Q

networking

A

The connections among devices and the people who use them

66
Q

Role-taking

A

the skill that allows communicators to figuratively stand in one another’s shoes and assume one another’s social roles and perspective

67
Q

Synchronous communication

A

involves instant replies and back-and-forth, real-time interaction

68
Q

asynchronous communication

A

occurs outside of the constraints of time and place

69
Q

Rich Media

A

allows for the exchange of nonverbal information, emotion, and quick feedback

70
Q

Lean Media

A

reliant mostly on text and permit little or no exchange of affect, instanst feedback, or important nonverbal cues

71
Q

The basic competencies of communication

A

Listening, thinking critically, and adapting

Introduction to Communication (5 decks)

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