Unit 3 Public Speaking and Presentations Flashcards
Glossophobia
The fear of public speaking
ethos
credibility of a speaker
pathos
emotional appeal of a speaker
logos
logical argument presented by a speaker
attitude
thoughts, feelings, perceptions, assumptions, and expectations
three components of ethos
competence trustworthiness dynamism
deductive reasoning
begins with general claims and moves to a specific instance
syllogism
Class form of deductive reasoning including a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion
inductive reasoning
begins with specific instances or examples and reasons to either a universal claim or another specific instance
Fallacies
descriptions of the ways in which arguments can go wrong
Hasty Generalization
A fallacy of inductive reasoning that comes to a general conclusion based on too few or unrepresentative examples
Straw Person
When someone presents a week version of an argument in order to refute it and claim victory.
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
“After, therefore because of” This fallacy occurs when one event that precedes a second event is assumed to have caused the second event
Forced dichotomy
Occurs when a speaker presents only two solutions to a problem, ignoring other solutions either purposefully or out of ignorance
Ad hominem
“About the person” occurs when someone refutes an argument by attacking the person who presented the argument rather than the argument itself
Appeal to misplaced authority
Relies on the reputation of an expert in an unrelated field
Good stories have the following characteristics
- A topic of interest and significance to your audience.
- A storyline, or plot, that takes place over a period of time, reflecting that most human situations are complex and detailed.
- Elements that make the story concrete, vivid, and memorable; can occur as a result of its content, the language the speaker uses, or the way it is told.
- An appropriate setting; comes to life through the vivid detail the storyteller provides.
- A beginning, a middle, and an end.
- A conflict or dilemma that climaxes at some point and then is usually resolved, with a resolution that listeners could realistically implement.
Informative Speech
A presentation designed to create, further, or alter the audience’s factual beliefs about a topic
Persuasive Speech
Public speaking goal is to change someone’s opinions, attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
Types of Presentations
- Informative
- Persuasive
- Entertainment
Goals of an Informative Presentation
- Communicate information that is new knowledge (introduce)
- Further exsting knowledge
- Update outdated information or change listeners’ factual understanding of a topic
Types of informative speech
- Instructional presentation
- Brief Report
- Demonstration
- Training Session
Instructional presentations
specifically designed to provide listeners with in-depth knowledge on a particular subject
Brief Report
Represents a highly structured overview of very specific information for the intended audience. Shorter than an instructional presentation (or other informative speeches)
Demonstration
Gives how-to advice to an audience relative to a particular topic or activity, and involves some physical depection of the subject.
training
a specialized type of education in which team members are taught specific skills and knowledge that can enhance their performance.
Persuasion
an activity that involves symbolic communication between two or more people with the intent o change attitudes, beliefs, and/or behaviors of the receiver(s)
Three interrelated goals of persuasion
to change how listeners:
- feel
- think
- act
Belief
pertains to an individual’s perception of the truth, or the existence or falsity of something
behavioral intention
An individual’s expectation or plan that he or she will behave in some particular way
Types of Persuasive Speeches
- Definitional
- Factual
- Policy
- Value
Definitional Speeches
Argues about the basic identification or classification of a particular thing.
Factual Speeches
Argues for the truth or falsity of a given assertion
Policy Speeches
Describes a certain social or political problem and then seeks to lay out the specifics of a solution to that problem.
Value Speeches
Argues the virtue, accuracy, and soundness of a particular judgment.
Psychological Reactance Theory
Persuasive messages threaten an audience’s feeling of freedom to think, believe, and act as they wish
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Method of structuring and presenting ideas uses time-tested and research-validated logic for persuading audiences in educational, business, and sales situations
5 Steps of Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
- Capture the Audience’s Attention
- Identify Problems or Unfilled Needs
- Propose a Solution (or Plan) that satisfies the problem(s) or need(s)
- Help the Audience Visualize what satisfaction will mean for them
- Give your Audience an Action Plan
two-sided message with refutation
Present both sides of the issue, but refute the validity, accuracy, or defensibility of the opposing side
fear appeals
Seek to influence audience members to change because they are sacared of the consequences of not doing so
The three basic concerns for assessing evidence
Relevance
recency
credibility
Four Objectives of a Presentation’s Introduction
- Capture the audience’s attention
- Provide listeners with a reason to listen
- Establish your credibility
- Preview your topic and what yoy plan to share with your audience
regency effect
end the body of the speech with the most compelling piece of evidence last
primacy effect
lead the body of the speech with the most compelling piece of evidence first
Considerations for including media in a presentation
topic
context
speaker
audience
sensory aids
supporting devices appeal to one or more of the five senses
thesis statement
a brief, one-sentence summary of the central idea of your presentation and includes the answer to the question “why this topic for this audience?”
full-content outline
an outline that uses complete sentences; conists of the entire introduction and conclusion, wirtten out word for word; additionally it includes all of your main points, transitions, examples, and evidence written out in complete sentences
abbreviated outline
an outline that uses short phrases and allows you to glance at key words and phrases, rather than complete sentences, and deliver your presentation in a dynamic, converstional manner
general purpose statement
reveals whether your talk is informative or persuasive and states your presentation topic
linear framework
This framework follows a clear, straightforward, direct, fact-based approach to organizing a presentation
