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Psychology > Unit 5: Learning > Flashcards

Unit 5: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Acquiring new information/behaviors

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2
Q

Habituates

A

Decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure

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3
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning that two events (or more) occur together

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

Event that evokes a response

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5
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

Learning gained by language, observed behavior, or etc

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6
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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7
Q

Behaviorism

A

Psychology is an objective science and should take place without referring to the mental processes

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8
Q

Neutral stimuli (NS)

A

Stimuli that elicit no response

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9
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

Unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response

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11
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

Learned response to a stimulus

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12
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A NS that, through association with a US, becomes something that triggers a CR

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13
Q

Acquisition

A

When you link a NS with a US

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14
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

AKA second-order conditioning - CS is paired with new NS, creating a new CR

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15
Q

Extinction

A

CR starts disappearing when the US doesn’t follow the CS

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16
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance (after a delay) of an extinguished CR

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17
Q

Generalization

A

When CR is in place, a similar stimuli to trigger it

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18
Q

Discrimination

A

Ability to distinguish between CS’s and stimuli that don’t signal an US

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19
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of conditioning achieved through rewards and punishments

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20
Q

Law of effect

A

Rewarded behaviors will appear more often than punished behaviors

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21
Q

Operant chamber

A

Box that contained a key that an animal could manipulate to obtain a food or H2O reinforcer

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22
Q

Reinforcement

A

Event that strengthens a behavior

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23
Q

Shaping

A

Process of guiding actions toward desired behavior

24
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

Stimulus that causes a response after the association with reinforcement

25
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors using new words

26
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

27
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Innately satisfying stimulus - biological needs

28
Q

Conditioned reinforcers

A

Gains reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer

29
Q

Reinforcement schedules

A

When reinforcement occurs

30
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcement every time

31
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

Reinforcing only sometimes

32
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

Reinforces response after specified number of responses

33
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

Reinforces after unpredictable number of responses

34
Q

Fixed-interval schedules

A

Reinforces after specified time

35
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

Reinforces after unpredictable time intervals

36
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases behavior

37
Q

Biofeedback

A

System that gives information on blood pressure or muscle tension

38
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Reflex/Automatic response

39
Q

Operant behavior

A

Punishments and rewards - environmental

40
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental ‘map’

41
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs but you don’t know it until you use it

42
Q

Insight

A

‘Eureka’ moment

43
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Desire to do a behavior for your own sake

44
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Operant conditioning motivation

45
Q

Coping

A

Methods used to relieve stress

46
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Focusing on alleviating the problem when dealing with stress

47
Q

Emotional-focused coping

A

Attending to emotional needs related to the reaction to stress instead of the problem itself

48
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Resignation of uncontrollable threats

49
Q

External locus of control

A

Chance determines our fate

50
Q

Internal locus of control

A

You control your own fate

51
Q

Self-control

A

Ability to delay gratification for long-term rewards

52
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by observation

53
Q

Modeling

A

Learning by observation imitating behavior

54
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Brain mirrors another’s actions when observed - frontal lobe

55
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

‘Good’ behavior that is helpful

Psychology (5 decks)

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