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Psychology > Unit 2: Sensory and Perception > Flashcards

Unit 2: Sensory and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Process when sensory receptors and nerves receive and represent stimuli energies

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2
Q

Perception

A

Organizing sensory information

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3
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Starts at sensory receptors and gives up to brain’s higher processing

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4
Q

Top-down Processing

A

Builds perceptions from sensory input by using experiences and expectations

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5
Q

Selective attention

A

Focusing on one stimulus

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6
Q

Intentional Blindness

A

Can’t see visual objects when focused on something else

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7
Q

Change Blindness

A

Don’t notice a change in the environment

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8
Q

Transduction

A

Convert one form of energy into another

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9
Q

Psychophysics

A

Studying relationship between physical things and our psychological reaction

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10
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimum amount of stimuli to detect it 50% of the time

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11
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Prediction of when we can detect weak signals

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12
Q

Subliminal

A

Below the absolute threshold

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13
Q

Prime

A

Activation of the associations you might need later- priming the nerves

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14
Q

Difference Threshold

A

Minimum change to notice a noticeable difference in stimuli

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15
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Stimuli have to differ by a constant % to be ‘different’

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16
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Adapting to the senses around you so you have diminished sensitivity to them

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17
Q

Perceptual Set

A

Set of mental assumptions that affects what we perceive

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18
Q

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

A

Claim that perception can be separate from sensory input (telepathy, etc)

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19
Q

Parapsychology

A

Study of the paranormal mind events

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20
Q

Wavelength

A

Determines color - distance between start of each wave

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21
Q

Hue

A

The ‘color’ of the wavelength

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22
Q

Intensity

A

Perceived as brightness - wave’s amplitude

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23
Q

Pupil

A

Opening of eye where light enters

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24
Q

Iris

A

Muscle tissue around pupil that controls it’s size

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25
Q

Lens

A

Behind the pupil - focuses light rays

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26
Q

Retina

A

Tissue on inner surface of eye (has receptor rods and cones and neurons)

27
Q

Accommodation

A

When the lens changes it’s shape to focus light rays

28
Q

Rods

A

Receptors that detect shades of grey (when cones don’t respond)

29
Q

Cones

A

Near center of retina = color and details

30
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Nerve that connects eye and brain

31
Q

Blind Spot

A

Where optic nerve connects to eye - no receptor cells there

32
Q

Fovea

A

Where cones cluster - center focus of retina

33
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Cells in brain that respond to specific things of the stimuli (shape, angle, or movement)

34
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Processing many parts of a problem at the same time

35
Q

Yang-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three-color) theory

A

Retina has three different color receptors (red, blue, and green)

36
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Opposite retinal processes allow seeing in color

37
Q

Gestalt

A

Organized whole

38
Q

Figure-Ground

A

What objects stand out from the background

39
Q

Grouping

A

Organize things into groups

40
Q

Depth Perception

A

3D Vision

41
Q

Visual Cliff

A

Test depth perception in infants and animals

42
Q

Binocular cues

A

Perceive depth - depends on both eyes

43
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

Different between the images each eye sees indications an object’s distance

44
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Depth perception with just one eye

45
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

Illusion of continuous movement when it is really stroboscopic

46
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

Perception of object as unchanged when environment changes

47
Q

Color Constancy

A

Perceiving objects as having the same color even as wavelengths change

48
Q

Perceptual Adaptation

A

Adjust to an artificially altered field of vision

49
Q

Audition

A

Hearing

50
Q

Frequency

A

Number of wavelengths per unit of time

51
Q

Pitch

A

Highness or loudness

52
Q

Middle Ear

A

Contains hammer, anvil, and stirrup - concentrate vibrations

53
Q

Cochlea

A

In inner ear - fluid-filled tube - send waves trigger nerve impulses

54
Q

Inner Ear

A

Cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

55
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Damage to cochlea cells or auditory nerve cells

56
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Damaged mechanical system that gets waves to cochlea

57
Q

Cochlear implant

A

Converts sound into electrical signals and stimulates auditory nerve through the cochlea

58
Q

Place theory

A

Different sound waves trigger activity at different places at cochlea’s basilar membrane

59
Q

Frequency theory

A

Rate of nerve impulses matches frequency of tune

60
Q

Gate-Control theory

A

Spinal cord can block or let through pain messages

61
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Sensing your body movement

62
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Monitors your head and body position and movement

63
Q

Sensory interaction

A

One sense can influence another

64
Q

Embodied Cognition

A

How bodily sensations can influence our judgements and preferences

Psychology (5 decks)

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