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Psychology > Unit 4: Memory > Flashcards

Unit 4: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Learning that results in the storage of information

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2
Q

Encoding

A

Getting information into the brain

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3
Q

Storage

A

Retaining the encoded information

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting the information out of storage

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5
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Processing things at the same time

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6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Immediate recording of sensory information

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7
Q

Short-term memory

A

Holds some information briefly before it is forgotten

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8
Q

Long-term memory

A

Relatively permanent method of storage

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9
Q

Working Memory

A

AKA short-term - active processing of incoming information and information from long-term memory

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10
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Factual memory - consciously know

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11
Q

Effortful processing

A

Encoding where you need to be consciously encoding the information

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12
Q

Automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding

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13
Q

Implicit memories

A

Is different and independent from conscious recall

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14
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Photographic memory that only lasts a moment

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15
Q

Echoic memory

A

Auditory memory that lasts 3-4 seconds

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16
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing information into sizable ‘chunks’ to assist in memory - often automatic

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17
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids that often include visual aids

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18
Q

Spacing effect

A

Spacing studying further apart rather than cramming in a short amount of time results in better memory

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19
Q

Testing effect

A

Better memory occurs after retrieval, not rereading

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20
Q

Shallow processing

A

Encoding structure or appearance of words

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21
Q

Deep processing

A

Encoding the meaning of a word - yields the best retention

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22
Q

Hippocampus

A

Processes explicit memories for storage - in limbic system

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23
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Very clear memory of an event that is emotionally significant

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24
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

Increase in cell’s firing potential after a stimulation

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25
Q

Recall

A

Retrieval of information

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26
Q

Recognition

A

Knowing items previously learned

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27
Q

Relearning

A

Being able to learn something more quickly when learning for the 2nd time

28
Q

Priming

A

Activating associations in memory

29
Q

Mood Congruent Memory

A

State- dependent memory using your emotions and moods - more likely to recall when in the same ‘state’

30
Q

Serial position effect

A

Able to remember the bookends of a list (first and last)

31
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Can’t form new memories

32
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Can’t retrieve stored information

33
Q

Proactive interference

A

Information you encoded earlier disrupts your recall of new information

34
Q

Retroactive interference

A

When new information disrupts the recall of old information

35
Q

Repression

A

Blocks anxious-arousing neural processes from consciousness

36
Q

Misinformation effect

A

The incorporation of false information into an event’s memory

37
Q

Source amnesia

A

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

38
Q

Deja vu

A

‘Already seen’ - cues from current state may trigger retrievals

39
Q

Cognition

A

Mental facilities

40
Q

Concept

A

Grouping of information

41
Q

Prototypes

A

Image of a category - the representation of the concept

42
Q

Creativity

A

Able to produce unique ideas

43
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Finding one solution

44
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

‘Out of the box’ ideas and solutions

45
Q

Algorithms

A

Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution

46
Q

Heuristic

A

Simpler thinking strategies using grouping, etc

47
Q

Insight

A

Light bulb moment - sudden realization

48
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to seek information that supports our current mindset and ignore contrasting information

49
Q

Mental Set

A

Tendency to approach a problem in one particular way (often one that has already been successful)

50
Q

Intuition

A

Automatic feeling or thought

51
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

To judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes

52
Q

Available heuristic

A

Estimate the likelihood of events based on how mentally available they are

53
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge

54
Q

Belief perserverance

A

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

55
Q

Framing

A

How an issue is presented

56
Q

Language

A

How we combine words to communicate meaning

57
Q

Phenomes

A

Smallest distinctive sound unit

58
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest units that carry meaning

59
Q

Grammar

A

System of rules that organizes the meaning

60
Q

Babbling stage

A

4 months - random sounds unrelated to the language

61
Q

One-word stage

A

Age 1-2 - speaking single, unstrung words

62
Q

Two-word stage

A

Age 2 - 2 word statements

63
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Using mostly nouns and verbs (like telegram)

64
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment of language - damage to Broca’s or Wernicke’s area

65
Q

Broca’s area

A

Language expression - muscle movements

66
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Language reception - comprehension

67
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

Language determines the way we think

Psychology (5 decks)

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