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Patho 2022 > Unit 5; immunity... > Flashcards

Unit 5; immunity... Flashcards

1
Q

immunity (def)

A

ability to resist and eliminate potentially harmful invaders.

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2
Q

innate immunity (def)

A

protection from and resistant to infection by non-immune response mechanisms.

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3
Q

is the immune system an organ system

A

no; it is a functional system

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4
Q

what kind of barriers and defenses do inate immunity have

A

physical barriers, chemical barriers, and cellular defense

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5
Q

what kind of barriers and defenses do adaptive immunity have

A

natural, vaccination, maternal, artifical –> vitamins…. maternal and artifical are passive

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6
Q

do you need exposure to make you immune for innate immunity?

A

no, you are born with this.

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7
Q

what is a barrier defense

A

it is body coverings aka skin and mucous membranes……….. chemicals and acid in stomachs, tears, sweats, and glands.

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8
Q

does low PH inhibit bacteria growth or speed it up.

A

STOPS IT!!!!!!!!!!

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9
Q

what does the lysozyme enzyme do

A

destroy the cell wall and some bacteria

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10
Q

what is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity

A

innate is non-specific and adaptive is specific defense sysem

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11
Q

what are the three parts of innate non-specific immunity

A

chemical, cellular, barrier defenses

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12
Q

what is the cellular response for infection

A

leukocytes or WBC

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13
Q

what cells are part of phagocytes

A

1) . nutrophils- most abundent WBC
2) monocytes/macrophages; they engulf foreign materials into vacuole,,,,,,enzymes from lysosomes digest the material

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14
Q

what do natural killer cells do

A

can lyse and kill cancer cells
can destroy virus infected cells.

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15
Q

what are the immune cells of the innate immune system.

A

neutrophils, monocytes or macrophages, natural killer cells, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, dendrtic cells

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16
Q

what is a granolocytes

A

it is a type of immune cell w granueles with enzymes that will release during infections, allergic reactions, and astma

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17
Q

what are kinins and chemokines

A

microbioal peptides that are released by specific phagocytes

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18
Q

what do kinins and chemokines do for the chemical responses

A

molecules increase circulations and capillary permeability, attract leukocytes to site of injury, affect nerve cells to make the area tender

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19
Q

how do compliment proteins work

A

they mainly work by createing pores in the invading bacteria allowing water to rush into the bacteria.

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20
Q

can compliment proteins work without antibodies

A

yes, they do not need antibodies to work.

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21
Q

what are interferons

A

proteins made by virus-infected cells.

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22
Q

what do interferons do

A

they are secreted and transported to neighboring cells to prevent viral infection from infected cells.

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23
Q

what is histamine

A

released by mast cells and basophils; increases capillary permeability and area will become red and swollen.

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24
Q

what is the most well abundant WBC

A

neutrophil

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25
Q

how many lobes does the nucleus of a neutrophil have

A

multi-lobed

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26
Q

what does the neutrophil do when it arrives to the injury

A

phagocytosis (engulf invader)

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27
Q

how many lobes does eosinophil have

A

two lobed

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28
Q

what kind of invaders do eosinophils kill

A

parasitic worms

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29
Q

what is eosinophils main purpose

A

digest parasitic worms

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30
Q

are basophils super common or super rare

A

super duper rare

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31
Q

what do basophils release

A

histamine

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32
Q

what kind of nucleus do lymphocytes have

A

super duper big nucleus

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33
Q

what are the two types of lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

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34
Q

what kind of nucleus do monocytes have

A

U shaped

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35
Q

what do moncytes become

A

macrophages–> will engulf viruses and other pathogens

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36
Q

are natural killer cells phagocytes

A

no.

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37
Q

what is the natural killer cells job

A

detect and kill infected cells that can cause cancer. (changes in plasma proteins)

38
Q

What do natural killer cells chemicals do

A

put the chemicals into the infected cells to kill them and puncture the infected cells membranes.

39
Q

what is hematopoisesis

A

all blood cells that are produced in bone marrow

40
Q

do inate defences have specific pathways for specific substances

A

yes; true

41
Q

do inate responses release proteins that alert the cells of the adaptive immune system when their is a foreign invader

A

yes; true

42
Q

what line of defense is the adaptive immune system

A

3rd line

43
Q

what is the goal of the adaptive immune system

A

deal with the infected cells, destroy pathogens, and prevent future infections.

44
Q

what are lymphcytes

A

WBC carrying out the adaptive immune response

45
Q

where are B cells produced, matured, and stored

A

produced and mature in bone marrow and are stored in the lymph nodes

46
Q

where are T cells produced, matured, and stored

A

produced in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus, and stored in the lymph nodes

47
Q

what are antigens

A

protein markers that are on the outside of the cell

48
Q

what do antigens do

A

help teh immune system find threats –> familiar or foreign

49
Q

what is step 1 in the immune response

A

macrophages from the innate immunity response engulf the pathogen, then the antigen from the pathogens become displaced on the macrophages. The spiky stuff.

50
Q

what is step 2 in the immune response

A

macrophages travel to lymph nodes, which activates the helper T cells

51
Q

what is step 3 in the immune response

A

helper t cells clone themselves and release a chemical called cytokines which is a protein

52
Q

does cell mediated immune response use T -cells or B cells

A

T cells

53
Q

does humoral immune response use T cells or B cells

A

B cells

54
Q

do human cells have many surface proteins

A

yes true.

55
Q

what is naturally acquired adaptive humeral immunity

A

a response to a bacterial or viral infection

56
Q

what is artificially acquired adaptive immunity

A

response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens

57
Q

does immunological memory occur in passive humoral immunity

A

no

58
Q

in passive humoral immunity does protection last forever

A

no protection ends when antibodies degrade

59
Q

are b cells challenged by antigens in passive humoral immunity

A

no

60
Q

what is the first type of passive humoral immunity

A

naturally aquired; this is where antibodies are delivered via placenta to the infant or thru breast milk

61
Q

what is the second type of passive humoral immunity

A

artificially acquired; this is where and injection of a serum, such as gamma or globulin. the protection is immediate but ends when the antibodies degrade in the body.

62
Q

what is an antibody (immunoglobulin) (ig)

A

it is a soluable protein secreted by B cells (plasma cells)

63
Q

where is antibody (immunoglobulin)(IG) carried

A

blood plasma

64
Q

are antibody (immunogloublin) (IG) capable of binding to specifically to an antigen

A

yes

65
Q

what shape is the iga antibody

A

log shaped

66
Q

where is the iga anitbody found

A

mucous, saliva, tears, breast milk, protects against pathogens.

67
Q

what shape is the igD antibody

A

Y shape

68
Q

what does the igD antibody do

A

part of b-cell receptor, activates basophils and mast cells.

69
Q

what shape is the igE anitbody

A

Y shape

70
Q

what does the igE antibody do

A

protects against parasitic worms, is responsible for allergic reactions

71
Q

what shape is the igG antibody

A

Y shape

72
Q

what does the igG antibody do

A

secreted by plasma cells in blood, able to cross the placenta into the fetus

73
Q

what shape is the igM antibody

A

spider shape

74
Q

what does the igM antibody do

A

may attach ot surface of a B cell or secrete into blood. Is responsible for early stages of immunity

75
Q

what do monoclonial antibodies do

A

r antibody that are developed in the lab to help bodies fight an infection

76
Q

what is an autograft

A

a tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person.

77
Q

what is an isograft

A

tissue graft from an identical person (twin)

78
Q

what is an allograft

A

tissue taken from an unrealated person

79
Q

what is a xenograft

A

tissue taken from a diff animal species.

80
Q

what two grafts are the ideal donors

A

autografts and isografts are the ideal donors

81
Q

what type of graph are never successful

A

xenografts

82
Q

what kind of graphs are more successful with a closer tissue match

A

allografts

83
Q

are immunodeficiences congenital or aquired

A

both

84
Q

is aids an immunodeficiency

A

yes

85
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

white matter of brain and spinal cords is destroyed

86
Q

what is myastenia graris

A

imparis communication between nerves and the skeletal muscle

87
Q

what is juvenile diabetes

A

destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin

88
Q

what is rhematoid arthritis

A

destroys joints

89
Q

what is systemic lupus erythemattosus (SLE)

A

affects kidney, heart, lung, and skin

90
Q

what is glomerulonephritis

A

the impairment of renal function

Patho 2022 (6 decks)

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