Unit 5; immunity... Flashcards
immunity (def)
ability to resist and eliminate potentially harmful invaders.
innate immunity (def)
protection from and resistant to infection by non-immune response mechanisms.
is the immune system an organ system
no; it is a functional system
what kind of barriers and defenses do inate immunity have
physical barriers, chemical barriers, and cellular defense
what kind of barriers and defenses do adaptive immunity have
natural, vaccination, maternal, artifical –> vitamins…. maternal and artifical are passive
do you need exposure to make you immune for innate immunity?
no, you are born with this.
what is a barrier defense
it is body coverings aka skin and mucous membranes……….. chemicals and acid in stomachs, tears, sweats, and glands.
does low PH inhibit bacteria growth or speed it up.
STOPS IT!!!!!!!!!!
what does the lysozyme enzyme do
destroy the cell wall and some bacteria
what is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity
innate is non-specific and adaptive is specific defense sysem
what are the three parts of innate non-specific immunity
chemical, cellular, barrier defenses
what is the cellular response for infection
leukocytes or WBC
what cells are part of phagocytes
1) . nutrophils- most abundent WBC
2) monocytes/macrophages; they engulf foreign materials into vacuole,,,,,,enzymes from lysosomes digest the material
what do natural killer cells do
can lyse and kill cancer cells
can destroy virus infected cells.
what are the immune cells of the innate immune system.
neutrophils, monocytes or macrophages, natural killer cells, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, dendrtic cells
what is a granolocytes
it is a type of immune cell w granueles with enzymes that will release during infections, allergic reactions, and astma
what are kinins and chemokines
microbioal peptides that are released by specific phagocytes
what do kinins and chemokines do for the chemical responses
molecules increase circulations and capillary permeability, attract leukocytes to site of injury, affect nerve cells to make the area tender
how do compliment proteins work
they mainly work by createing pores in the invading bacteria allowing water to rush into the bacteria.
can compliment proteins work without antibodies
yes, they do not need antibodies to work.
what are interferons
proteins made by virus-infected cells.
what do interferons do
they are secreted and transported to neighboring cells to prevent viral infection from infected cells.
what is histamine
released by mast cells and basophils; increases capillary permeability and area will become red and swollen.
what is the most well abundant WBC
neutrophil
how many lobes does the nucleus of a neutrophil have
multi-lobed
what does the neutrophil do when it arrives to the injury
phagocytosis (engulf invader)
how many lobes does eosinophil have
two lobed
what kind of invaders do eosinophils kill
parasitic worms
what is eosinophils main purpose
digest parasitic worms
are basophils super common or super rare
super duper rare
what do basophils release
histamine
what kind of nucleus do lymphocytes have
super duper big nucleus
what are the two types of lymphocytes
T cells and B cells
what kind of nucleus do monocytes have
U shaped
what do moncytes become
macrophages–> will engulf viruses and other pathogens
are natural killer cells phagocytes
no.
what is the natural killer cells job
detect and kill infected cells that can cause cancer. (changes in plasma proteins)
What do natural killer cells chemicals do
put the chemicals into the infected cells to kill them and puncture the infected cells membranes.
what is hematopoisesis
all blood cells that are produced in bone marrow
do inate defences have specific pathways for specific substances
yes; true
do inate responses release proteins that alert the cells of the adaptive immune system when their is a foreign invader
yes; true
what line of defense is the adaptive immune system
3rd line
what is the goal of the adaptive immune system
deal with the infected cells, destroy pathogens, and prevent future infections.
what are lymphcytes
WBC carrying out the adaptive immune response
where are B cells produced, matured, and stored
produced and mature in bone marrow and are stored in the lymph nodes
where are T cells produced, matured, and stored
produced in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus, and stored in the lymph nodes
what are antigens
protein markers that are on the outside of the cell
what do antigens do
help teh immune system find threats –> familiar or foreign
what is step 1 in the immune response
macrophages from the innate immunity response engulf the pathogen, then the antigen from the pathogens become displaced on the macrophages. The spiky stuff.
what is step 2 in the immune response
macrophages travel to lymph nodes, which activates the helper T cells
what is step 3 in the immune response
helper t cells clone themselves and release a chemical called cytokines which is a protein
does cell mediated immune response use T -cells or B cells
T cells
does humoral immune response use T cells or B cells
B cells
do human cells have many surface proteins
yes true.
what is naturally acquired adaptive humeral immunity
a response to a bacterial or viral infection
what is artificially acquired adaptive immunity
response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
does immunological memory occur in passive humoral immunity
no
in passive humoral immunity does protection last forever
no protection ends when antibodies degrade
are b cells challenged by antigens in passive humoral immunity
no
what is the first type of passive humoral immunity
naturally aquired; this is where antibodies are delivered via placenta to the infant or thru breast milk
what is the second type of passive humoral immunity
artificially acquired; this is where and injection of a serum, such as gamma or globulin. the protection is immediate but ends when the antibodies degrade in the body.
what is an antibody (immunoglobulin) (ig)
it is a soluable protein secreted by B cells (plasma cells)
where is antibody (immunoglobulin)(IG) carried
blood plasma
are antibody (immunogloublin) (IG) capable of binding to specifically to an antigen
yes
what shape is the iga antibody
log shaped
where is the iga anitbody found
mucous, saliva, tears, breast milk, protects against pathogens.
what shape is the igD antibody
Y shape
what does the igD antibody do
part of b-cell receptor, activates basophils and mast cells.
what shape is the igE anitbody
Y shape
what does the igE antibody do
protects against parasitic worms, is responsible for allergic reactions
what shape is the igG antibody
Y shape
what does the igG antibody do
secreted by plasma cells in blood, able to cross the placenta into the fetus
what shape is the igM antibody
spider shape
what does the igM antibody do
may attach ot surface of a B cell or secrete into blood. Is responsible for early stages of immunity
what do monoclonial antibodies do
r antibody that are developed in the lab to help bodies fight an infection
what is an autograft
a tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person.
what is an isograft
tissue graft from an identical person (twin)
what is an allograft
tissue taken from an unrealated person
what is a xenograft
tissue taken from a diff animal species.
what two grafts are the ideal donors
autografts and isografts are the ideal donors
what type of graph are never successful
xenografts
what kind of graphs are more successful with a closer tissue match
allografts
are immunodeficiences congenital or aquired
both
is aids an immunodeficiency
yes
what is multiple sclerosis
white matter of brain and spinal cords is destroyed
what is myastenia graris
imparis communication between nerves and the skeletal muscle
what is juvenile diabetes
destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin
what is rhematoid arthritis
destroys joints
what is systemic lupus erythemattosus (SLE)
affects kidney, heart, lung, and skin
what is glomerulonephritis
the impairment of renal function
