Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho 2022 > Unit 4 stuff; cancer > Flashcards

Unit 4 stuff; cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what are the stages of cancer metastasis

A
  1. cancer is confined to organ of origin
  2. cancer is locally invasive
  3. cancer spreads to regional structures (ex,, lymph nodes)
  4. cancer has spread to distant areas of body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what type of cancer does a pap smear screen for?

A

cervical cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what type of cancer does a mammogram screen for?

A

breast cancer screening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is one way you can check for prostate and ovarian cancer

A

blood tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how can you screen for colon cancer

A

fecal occult blood test (test to find smallest amount of blood in the stool), and colonoscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is cancer diagnosed

A

biopsy;microscopic examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do scientists look for when looking for cancer

A

irregular shaped cells, awk size and shape of a nucleus and the cell size and shape, loss of specialized cellular features, no more organized tissue, poor tumor boundary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is anaplasia

A

loss of mature characteristics (less mature characteristics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is autonomy

A

loss of response to environmental signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the most common type of cancer

A

carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what part of body do carcinomas form?

A

cells covering external and internal body surfaces; ex) lung, breast, colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what part of body do sarcomas form/affect

A

supporting tissues of body; ex) bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what part of the body do lymphomas form and affect

A

lymph nodes; ex) immune system body tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what part of the body do leukemia form and affect

A

immature blood cells that grow in bone marrow; will often build up in large numbers in blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the prefix adeno mean

A

gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the prefix chrondro mean

A

cartilidge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does the prefix erythro mean

A

red blood cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the prefix hemangio mean

A

blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the prefix hepato mean

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the prefix lipo mean

A

fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the prefix lympho mean

A

lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the prefix melano mean

A

pigment cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the prefix myelo mean

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the prefix myo mean

A

muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does the prefix osteo mean

A

bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are factors associated w benign tumors

A

slow growing, well differentiated (cell composition), looks like original tissue, well-defined capsule, no metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what factors are associated with malignant tumors

A

rapid growth, frequent mitosis, poorly differentiated, not encapsulated, invades local tissues, spreads easily(blood + lymphatics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are a few things that inc risk for cancer

A

tobacco use, sunshine, x-ray, viruses, bacteria, stomach cancer, hereditary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the single largest cause of death from cancer

A

smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What can HIV patients develop that looks like skin lesions, but is a malignant tumor of blood vessels located in the skin.

A

KSHV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is H. pylori

A

a bacteria that causes stomach ulcers… can possibly lead to cancer

32
Q

is cancer generally an inherited disease

A

no.

33
Q

hereditary retinoblastoma can lead to what cancer?

A

retinoblastoma

34
Q

xeroderma pigmentosum can lead to what cancer?

A

skin cancer

35
Q

wilms’ tumor can lead to what cancer?

A

kidney cancer

36
Q

li-fraumeni syndrome can lead to what cancer?

A

sarcomas, brain, breast and lukemia

37
Q

familial adenomatous polyposis can lead to what cancer?

A

colon and rectum cancer

38
Q

pagets disease of bone can lead to what cancer?

A

bone cancer

39
Q

faconi’s aplastic anemia can lead to what cancer?

A

lukemia, liver, and skin cancer.

40
Q

How many genes are in 1 cell

A

30,000 genes

41
Q

what do genes make for the cells

A

protein

42
Q

how do all cancers begin

A

when 1 or more genes mutate it creates abnormal proteins; this allows cell to rapidly multiply and become cancerous

43
Q

what is the most common cause of cancer though genetic mutations

A

acquired mutations is the most common cause of cancer

44
Q

is acquired mutations passed parent to child

A

no

45
Q

how do aquired mutations occur

A

they happen when a person damages the genes throughout their life

46
Q

what is a germline mutation

A

when a mutation is passed parent to child

47
Q

are germline mutations or aquired mutations more common

A

aquired mutations are more common

48
Q

what does oncongenes do

A

turn helathy cells into cancer cells; NOT INHERITED

49
Q

what genes are linked to cancer (name em)

A

BRCA1, BRCA2, P53

50
Q

what do DNA repair genes do

A

fix mistakes made when DNA is copied; many are tumor suppressor genes.

51
Q

what are the factors that affect the invasion/local spread of the cancer

A
  • how fast cells are replicating and dying
  • mechanical pressure (local tissue death makes tumor cells spread rapidly.
    -increasing release of lytic enzymes
  • tumor cells can easily slip between normal cells making them spread quickly
  • have increased motility.
52
Q

what is the dependent factor for cancer to metastasis by implantation

A

adequate blood supply to new tumor colonies (angiogenesis)

53
Q

what is it called when a tumor shows a preference for a certain organ

A

organ tropism

54
Q

what is the most common “scheme” of staging a tumor

A

TNM
T- tumor spread
N - lymph node involvement
M- presence of distant metastasis.

55
Q

what does “T” mean

A

tumor

56
Q

what does “N” mean

A

Node

57
Q

what does “M” mean

A

metastasis

58
Q

what symptoms come along with early onset cancer

A

usually no pain; later on pain, fear, anxiety, sleep loss etc can occur

59
Q

what is pain management treatment in cancer

A

1) control pain
2)prevent reoccurance
3) constant re-evaluation of pain

60
Q

what is another word for fatigue

A

malaise

61
Q

what is the most reported symptom of cancer

A

fatigue

62
Q

what is another word for cachexia

A

wasting

63
Q

is anemia a symptom of cancer

A

yes; lack of blood

64
Q

what can cause chronoic hemorrhage in cancer patients

A

thrombocytopenia

65
Q

what does leukopenia result in sometimes

A

a serious infection

66
Q

what is surgery treatment used for

A

nonmetastatic cancer

67
Q

what is chemotherapy treatment used for

A

single or combo of agents; attack cancer cells @ diff stages of its life cycle

68
Q

what is radiation treatment used for

A

eradicate cancer without producing too much toxicity in body

69
Q

what is immunotherapy treatment used for

A

tumor- specific vaccine to target only cancer cells; monoclonal antibodies

70
Q

what is mohs surgery

A

a precise surgical technique to treat skin cancer (thin layers of the cancerous tissue is removed until only non-cancerous tissue is left)

71
Q

what are some side-effects of cancer treatments

A
  • GI tract; oral ulcers, malabsorption, diarrhea, inc risk of infections (nausea sometimes)
    -cannabis and opiods sometimes helps
    -have really good oral hygene
    -hair and skin loss
    -dec fertility and early menopause
72
Q

How common is cancer in children

A

RARE; HOWEVER it is the second leading cause of death in children who live past 1 year

73
Q

does childhood cancer involve tissue or organs

A

tissue ; organs = adults

74
Q

most common cancers in children?

A

sarcomas, leukemia, lymphomas

75
Q

what is the cause of cancers

A

unknown –> (immunosupressions, chromosomal abnormalities, prenatal exposure to some drugs, childhood exposure to secondhand smoke, ionizing radiation.

Patho 2022 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions