Unit 4 stuff; cancer Flashcards
what are the stages of cancer metastasis
- cancer is confined to organ of origin
- cancer is locally invasive
- cancer spreads to regional structures (ex,, lymph nodes)
- cancer has spread to distant areas of body
what type of cancer does a pap smear screen for?
cervical cancer
what type of cancer does a mammogram screen for?
breast cancer screening
What is one way you can check for prostate and ovarian cancer
blood tests
how can you screen for colon cancer
fecal occult blood test (test to find smallest amount of blood in the stool), and colonoscopy.
how is cancer diagnosed
biopsy;microscopic examination
what do scientists look for when looking for cancer
irregular shaped cells, awk size and shape of a nucleus and the cell size and shape, loss of specialized cellular features, no more organized tissue, poor tumor boundary.
what is anaplasia
loss of mature characteristics (less mature characteristics)
what is autonomy
loss of response to environmental signals.
what is the most common type of cancer
carcinomas
what part of body do carcinomas form?
cells covering external and internal body surfaces; ex) lung, breast, colon
what part of body do sarcomas form/affect
supporting tissues of body; ex) bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscle.
what part of the body do lymphomas form and affect
lymph nodes; ex) immune system body tissue
what part of the body do leukemia form and affect
immature blood cells that grow in bone marrow; will often build up in large numbers in blood stream
what does the prefix adeno mean
gland
what does the prefix chrondro mean
cartilidge
what does the prefix erythro mean
red blood cell
what does the prefix hemangio mean
blood vessels
what does the prefix hepato mean
liver
what does the prefix lipo mean
fat
what does the prefix lympho mean
lymphocyte
what does the prefix melano mean
pigment cell
what does the prefix myelo mean
bone marrow
what does the prefix myo mean
muscle
what does the prefix osteo mean
bone
what are factors associated w benign tumors
slow growing, well differentiated (cell composition), looks like original tissue, well-defined capsule, no metastasis
what factors are associated with malignant tumors
rapid growth, frequent mitosis, poorly differentiated, not encapsulated, invades local tissues, spreads easily(blood + lymphatics)
what are a few things that inc risk for cancer
tobacco use, sunshine, x-ray, viruses, bacteria, stomach cancer, hereditary.
what is the single largest cause of death from cancer
smoking
What can HIV patients develop that looks like skin lesions, but is a malignant tumor of blood vessels located in the skin.
KSHV
what is H. pylori
a bacteria that causes stomach ulcers… can possibly lead to cancer
is cancer generally an inherited disease
no.
hereditary retinoblastoma can lead to what cancer?
retinoblastoma
xeroderma pigmentosum can lead to what cancer?
skin cancer
wilms’ tumor can lead to what cancer?
kidney cancer
li-fraumeni syndrome can lead to what cancer?
sarcomas, brain, breast and lukemia
familial adenomatous polyposis can lead to what cancer?
colon and rectum cancer
pagets disease of bone can lead to what cancer?
bone cancer
faconi’s aplastic anemia can lead to what cancer?
lukemia, liver, and skin cancer.
How many genes are in 1 cell
30,000 genes
what do genes make for the cells
protein
how do all cancers begin
when 1 or more genes mutate it creates abnormal proteins; this allows cell to rapidly multiply and become cancerous
what is the most common cause of cancer though genetic mutations
acquired mutations is the most common cause of cancer
is acquired mutations passed parent to child
no
how do aquired mutations occur
they happen when a person damages the genes throughout their life
what is a germline mutation
when a mutation is passed parent to child
are germline mutations or aquired mutations more common
aquired mutations are more common
what does oncongenes do
turn helathy cells into cancer cells; NOT INHERITED
what genes are linked to cancer (name em)
BRCA1, BRCA2, P53
what do DNA repair genes do
fix mistakes made when DNA is copied; many are tumor suppressor genes.
what are the factors that affect the invasion/local spread of the cancer
- how fast cells are replicating and dying
- mechanical pressure (local tissue death makes tumor cells spread rapidly.
-increasing release of lytic enzymes - tumor cells can easily slip between normal cells making them spread quickly
- have increased motility.
what is the dependent factor for cancer to metastasis by implantation
adequate blood supply to new tumor colonies (angiogenesis)
what is it called when a tumor shows a preference for a certain organ
organ tropism
what is the most common “scheme” of staging a tumor
TNM
T- tumor spread
N - lymph node involvement
M- presence of distant metastasis.
what does “T” mean
tumor
what does “N” mean
Node
what does “M” mean
metastasis
what symptoms come along with early onset cancer
usually no pain; later on pain, fear, anxiety, sleep loss etc can occur
what is pain management treatment in cancer
1) control pain
2)prevent reoccurance
3) constant re-evaluation of pain
what is another word for fatigue
malaise
what is the most reported symptom of cancer
fatigue
what is another word for cachexia
wasting
is anemia a symptom of cancer
yes; lack of blood
what can cause chronoic hemorrhage in cancer patients
thrombocytopenia
what does leukopenia result in sometimes
a serious infection
what is surgery treatment used for
nonmetastatic cancer
what is chemotherapy treatment used for
single or combo of agents; attack cancer cells @ diff stages of its life cycle
what is radiation treatment used for
eradicate cancer without producing too much toxicity in body
what is immunotherapy treatment used for
tumor- specific vaccine to target only cancer cells; monoclonal antibodies
what is mohs surgery
a precise surgical technique to treat skin cancer (thin layers of the cancerous tissue is removed until only non-cancerous tissue is left)
what are some side-effects of cancer treatments
- GI tract; oral ulcers, malabsorption, diarrhea, inc risk of infections (nausea sometimes)
-cannabis and opiods sometimes helps
-have really good oral hygene
-hair and skin loss
-dec fertility and early menopause
How common is cancer in children
RARE; HOWEVER it is the second leading cause of death in children who live past 1 year
does childhood cancer involve tissue or organs
tissue ; organs = adults
most common cancers in children?
sarcomas, leukemia, lymphomas
what is the cause of cancers
unknown –> (immunosupressions, chromosomal abnormalities, prenatal exposure to some drugs, childhood exposure to secondhand smoke, ionizing radiation.
