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Pre2 > Unit 5 History > Flashcards

Unit 5 History Flashcards

1
Q

Monarchy

ˈmɑːnərki
Noun countable

(plural monarchies)

A

سلطنت

the system in which a country is ruled by a king or queen

Many people in Britain think the country no longer needs a monarchy.

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2
Q

Sovereign

ˈsɒvrɪn

Noun countable

A

Formal , a king or queen
Monarch

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3
Q

Abdicate

A

واگذار کردن تاج و تخت
To give up the position of being king or queen

King Alfonso XIII abdicated in favour of his eldest son.
The king was forced to abdicate the throne. Throne تخت پادشاهی

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4
Q

Era

A

Age

Eras and Ages: period of time with specific features

During the Pahlavi Era, people used to live a more convenient life.

The Stone Age was when humans used stone tools.

The Victorian Era was a time of industrial growth and strict social value

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5
Q

Rule

A

حکومت کردن حکم کردن

to govern and control
Ruler noun

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6
Q

Archeology

Archeologist

A

visit historical site/do or run excavation/find artefacts/make theories about the past

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7
Q

Historian

hɪˈstɔr i ən,

A

تاریخ شناس مورخ

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8
Q

Tomb

tuːm

A

burial site for a famous person

Grave : is for all persons

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9
Q

History tends to repeat itself

A
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10
Q

Regent

A

نایب السلطنه

someone who governs instead of a king or queen, because the king or queen is ill, absent, or still a child

A regent assumes almost full powers.

Regency : a period of government by a regent

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11
Q

Dynasty

Plural: dynasties

A

a line of people in power

سلسله دودمان خاندان پادشاهان

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12
Q

Emperor

A

the man who is the ruler of an empire

امپراتور
Empire امپراتوری

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13
Q

Reign

reɪn

A

سلطنت کردن حکفرما بودن سلطنت حکومت

noun/period of time a person governs

changes that took place during Charlemagne’s reign

the reign of James I

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14
Q

Leader

A

control military forces, movements, uprising, rebellion,

Uprising قیام شورش
Rebellion شورش سرکشی طغیان

Supreme leader مقام معظم رهبری

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15
Q

Heir

er/

A

وارث

heir to
John was the sole heir to a vast estate

heir to the throne
(=the person who will become king or queen)

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16
Q

Coronation

ˌkɒrəˈneɪʃən

A

Coronation/enthronement: ceremony to introduce the new monarch

تاج گذاری

He also postponed the coronation of Edward V until 9 November.

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17
Q

Commemorate

kəˈmeməreɪt

A

بزرگداشت نگاه داشت

Celebrate , pay homage to
Homage ادای احترام

The ceremony was held to commemorate the bravery of the firefighters who saved countless lives.

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18
Q

Warfare

A

Word family
(noun) war warfare warrior
(adjective) pre-war ≠ post-war warring

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19
Q

Noblewoman

A

زن نجیب و اشراف زاده

The noblewoman gracefully entered the hall, her presence commanding respect from everyone.

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20
Q

Deface

A

از شکل انداختن ، بد شکل کردن

to spoil the surface or appearance of something, especially by writing on it or breaking it

Most of the monuments had been broken or defaced.

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21
Q

Desecrate

ˈdesɪkreɪt

A

to spoil or damage something holy or respected

هتک حرمت کردن

Most of the Egyptian tombs were desecrated and robbed.

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22
Q

Burial site

A

Graveyard, cemetery

Word family (noun) burial (adjective) buried (verb) bury

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23
Q

Inter

A

to bury a dead person

دفن کردن در خاک نهادن

The family gathered at the cemetery to inter their beloved grandfather in the family plot.

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24
Q

Seize

A

Grab
قاپیدن به تصرف درآوردن به تصاحب درآوردن

Seize the day = live in the moment

Suddenly, he seized my hand.

Maggie seized the letter from her.

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25
Q

Too + adjective + infinitive phrase

A

Manaye infinitive ro manfi mikone

Too hot to sit in -> we didn’t sit there

Too modest a size to be of significance
از نظر سایز انقدر کوچیکه که اهمیتی نداره

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26
Q

Splurge on something

A

ریخت و پاش کردن ولخرجی کردن
به رخ دیگران کشیدن

They decided to splurge on the latest smartphone, even though their old one still worked fine.

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27
Q

Lavish

A

Spend a lot of money on something
اسراف کردن ولخرجی کردن

it was the usual for the pharaoh to lavish gifts of power and positions on those who could help him

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28
Q

Intact

A

Unbroken undamaged
سالم دست نخورده بی عیب

Intact tomb

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29
Q

Live up to something

A

to meet or fulfill expectations, standards, or ideals

It didn’t live up to my expectations.
انتظارات منو برآورده نکرد

He worked hard to live up to his parents’ high expectations

She was nervous about her performance but determined to live up to her reputation as a great singer.

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30
Q

Inadequate

A

Opposite of adequate
Disappointing. Sub-standard

ناکافی نامساعد غیرکافی

not good enough, big enough, skilled enough etc for a particular purpose

The building’s electrical system was completely inadequate.

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31
Q

Dazzling

A

Stunning, gorgeous, exquisite

Very beautiful

a dazzling display of football skills

32
Q

Phenomenal

A

Impressive, it took my breath away, out of this world

the phenomenal success of computer games in recent years

33
Q

Gruesome

ˈɡruːsəm

A

Frightening, horrifying, terrifying

Police described it as a particularly gruesome attack.

34
Q

Apprehensive

A

On edge
Anxious
I had butterflies in my stomach

We’d been a little apprehensive about their visit.

I was apprehensive that something would go wrong.

He was a bit anxious about the safety of the machinery.

She was on edge waiting for the results of her final exams.

35
Q

Renowned

rɪˈnaʊnd

A

Iconic
Legendary
Famous

an island renowned for its beauty

The Eiffel Tower is an iconic symbol of Paris and French culture.

His legendary guitar solos defined an entire generation of rock music.

36
Q

Heavy going

A

Tough
Challenging
I really struggled with it

Studying advanced physics can be heavy going without a solid background in mathematics.

It was a tough decision, but she knew she had to leave her job to follow her dreams.

37
Q

Archaeologist

A

باستان شناس

38
Q

Civilization

British: civilisation

ˌsɪvəl-aɪˈzeɪʃən

A

تمدن فرهنگ مدنیت

the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome

39
Q

Kingdom

A

پادشاهی

The kingdom of Thailand

40
Q

Dawn

The dawn of sth = to start of something
The dawn of civilization

A

سحر سپیده دم طلوع daybreak
Opposite of dusk غروب

From dawn to dusk از سپیده دم تا غروب

When dawn broke (=the first light of the day appeared), we were still 50 miles from Calcutta.

We worked from dawn to dusk

Trade and commerce emerged at the dawn of civilization, as early societies exchanged goods and ideas.

41
Q

Successor

A

جانشین قائم مقام

since the Dawn of civilization societies have recorded the reigns of kings and emperors the fate of their heirs and successor

42
Q

Conquest noun
Conquer verb ˈkɑːŋkər
Conqueror noun

A

is always won, but in war result is not specified

تسخیر غلبه پیروزی
to get control of a country by fighting

She was determined to conquer her fear of flying.

Conqueror فاتح غالب پیروز

43
Q

Manuscript

A

Written by hand

نسخه خطی نوشته دست خط کتیبه

44
Q

Stone tablets

A

لوح های سنگی

all this can be recorded in manuscript or on stone tablets

45
Q

Peasant and laborer

ˈpezənt

British labourer

A

رعیت دهقان

extremely poor people/farmer/working on monarch’s land/without wages

Laborer : worker

46
Q

Shred

Shred of sth
Use as a quantifier

A

ذره تکه پاره خرده
Very tiny

Shreds of evidence
چون evidence uncountable هست پس برای اینکه بخوایم بگیم مقداری ازش باید از quantifier استفاده کنیم

After the argument, their relationship was left in shreds of trust.

The lawyer argued that there wasn’t a shred of evidence to convict her client.

47
Q

Bronze Age
Iron Age
Stone Age
Middle Age

Age is always capitalized

A
48
Q

Medieval

ˌmediˈiːvəl

A

قرون وسطا

Medieval times

Life in medieval times was hard of or from the European middle ages

49
Q

Renaissance

ˈrenəˌsɑːns

A

I love the great Renaissance art of Italy

50
Q

Pre-colonial era
Post-colonial

A

A period of exploitation of other countries by European countries

51
Q

List of metals

Iron
Silver
Gold
Copper
Tin
Zinc
Nickel
Steel
Brass

A

Copper مس
Tin روی حلب
Nickel نیکل
Brass برنج

52
Q

Break out

A

if something unpleasant such as a fire, fight, or war breaks out, it starts to happen

When war broke out, my grandfather joined the army

53
Q

Declare

A

to officially announce war
اعلان کردن اعلام کردن

what was declared on his 25th birthday. He didn’t want to go to war but he had no choice.

The king declared war

54
Q

Fierce

Fierce fighting

A

Serious, challenging, and intense

The government wew sending troops to the south, where they expected fierce fighting

Troop: گروه دسته عده سربازان

55
Q

All-out war

A

: involves every aspect of a country

done in a very determined way, and involving a lot of energy or anger

At first, there were just minor incidents, but soon it developed into all out war
Incident حادثه واقعه

56
Q

Open fire

A

Start shooting

They saw him and opened fire, but he was able to escape

57
Q

Decisive battle

A

نبرد سرنوشت ساز

the result is important

after several months, our army went into action in the first decisive battle of the war

58
Q

The war/battle/invasion raged for + amount of time

A

Invasion هجوم

The battle raged for several days

A two hour battle rage in the northern district

59
Q

Peacekeeping forces

A

Tied to an organization/ the United Nations

My grandfather said he hated being involved in fighting the war and that’s the only armies we should have should be peacekeeping forces

60
Q

The horrors of war

A

Destruction, death, injury, famine, torture, homelessness, imprisonment

61
Q

Avart war

A

Avoid prevent

He believes that we must do everything we can avart war in the future

62
Q

Negotiate a peace agreement

A

It can be useful to invite a neutral to help negotiate a peace agreement

63
Q

Call a truce/ ceasefire

truːs
ˈsiːsfaɪə

A

آتش بس

Although a ceasefire has been called for the duration of the peace negotiations, hopes of its success are not high

64
Q

• Hopes are not high.
• Hopes are high.

A
65
Q

Treaty

Sign a (peace) treaty

A

پیمان معاهده قرارداد

At the end of the war, all the countries involved signed a peace treaty in Paris.

66
Q

Lasting peace

A

صلح پایدار

Hopes for a lasting peace are, unfortunately, fading fast.

67
Q

Peace activist

A

Activist : work individually/not tied to an organization

Peace activities around the world staged a series of massive demonstrations against the war

Demonstration تظاهرات

68
Q

Keep the peace

A

After the war was over, UN troops were sent into the troubled area to help keep the peace there.

Troops : soldiers

69
Q

Restore order

A

برگردوندن نظم

Soldiers were sent in to restore order after the uprising

70
Q

• Uprising
• Rebellion
• Revolution
• Demonstration
• Movement
• Strike

A

خیزش مردم
اغتشاش طغیان شورش
انقلاب
تظاهرات
جنبش
اعتصاب

71
Q

Hooligan

A

ولگرد اوباش
Football hooligans

72
Q

Fought a running battle

A

Fought past tense and past participle of fight

The police fought a running battle with football hooligans in the town center

73
Q

Heroic
hɪˈrəʊɪk

Heroic fight

Put up a heroic fight against

Lost the battle

A

قهرمانانه حماسی

The people of the village put up a heroic fight against the construction of the new motorway, but finally lost the battle

74
Q

Resistance

rɪˈzɪstəns

Put up / Offer resistance

A

مقاومت ایستادگی پایداری

fighting against someone who is attacking you

The bank robbers didn’t offer any resistance when the police surrounded them

75
Q

Drug baron
Drug lord

A

قاچاقچی

The army will continue to fight the war against the drug barons

76
Q

Warlord

A

سردار جنگ فرمانده ارتش

A military leader who controls a country or more often an area, which in a country

Pre2 (5 decks)

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