Unit 5 History Flashcards
Monarchy
ˈmɑːnərki
Noun countable
(plural monarchies)
سلطنت
the system in which a country is ruled by a king or queen
Many people in Britain think the country no longer needs a monarchy.
Sovereign
ˈsɒvrɪn
Noun countable
Formal , a king or queen
Monarch
Abdicate
واگذار کردن تاج و تخت
To give up the position of being king or queen
King Alfonso XIII abdicated in favour of his eldest son.
The king was forced to abdicate the throne. Throne تخت پادشاهی
Era
Age
Eras and Ages: period of time with specific features
During the Pahlavi Era, people used to live a more convenient life.
The Stone Age was when humans used stone tools.
The Victorian Era was a time of industrial growth and strict social value
Rule
حکومت کردن حکم کردن
to govern and control
Ruler noun
Archeology
Archeologist
visit historical site/do or run excavation/find artefacts/make theories about the past
Historian
hɪˈstɔr i ən,
تاریخ شناس مورخ
Tomb
tuːm
burial site for a famous person
Grave : is for all persons
History tends to repeat itself
Regent
نایب السلطنه
someone who governs instead of a king or queen, because the king or queen is ill, absent, or still a child
A regent assumes almost full powers.
Regency : a period of government by a regent
Dynasty
Plural: dynasties
a line of people in power
سلسله دودمان خاندان پادشاهان
Emperor
the man who is the ruler of an empire
امپراتور
Empire امپراتوری
Reign
reɪn
سلطنت کردن حکفرما بودن سلطنت حکومت
noun/period of time a person governs
changes that took place during Charlemagne’s reign
the reign of James I
Leader
control military forces, movements, uprising, rebellion,
Uprising قیام شورش
Rebellion شورش سرکشی طغیان
Supreme leader مقام معظم رهبری
Heir
er/
وارث
heir to
John was the sole heir to a vast estate
heir to the throne
(=the person who will become king or queen)
Coronation
ˌkɒrəˈneɪʃən
Coronation/enthronement: ceremony to introduce the new monarch
تاج گذاری
He also postponed the coronation of Edward V until 9 November.
Commemorate
kəˈmeməreɪt
بزرگداشت نگاه داشت
Celebrate , pay homage to
Homage ادای احترام
The ceremony was held to commemorate the bravery of the firefighters who saved countless lives.
Warfare
Word family
(noun) war warfare warrior
(adjective) pre-war ≠ post-war warring
Noblewoman
زن نجیب و اشراف زاده
The noblewoman gracefully entered the hall, her presence commanding respect from everyone.
Deface
از شکل انداختن ، بد شکل کردن
to spoil the surface or appearance of something, especially by writing on it or breaking it
Most of the monuments had been broken or defaced.
Desecrate
ˈdesɪkreɪt
to spoil or damage something holy or respected
هتک حرمت کردن
Most of the Egyptian tombs were desecrated and robbed.
Burial site
Graveyard, cemetery
Word family (noun) burial (adjective) buried (verb) bury
Inter
to bury a dead person
دفن کردن در خاک نهادن
The family gathered at the cemetery to inter their beloved grandfather in the family plot.
Seize
Grab
قاپیدن به تصرف درآوردن به تصاحب درآوردن
Seize the day = live in the moment
Suddenly, he seized my hand.
Maggie seized the letter from her.
Too + adjective + infinitive phrase
Manaye infinitive ro manfi mikone
Too hot to sit in -> we didn’t sit there
Too modest a size to be of significance
از نظر سایز انقدر کوچیکه که اهمیتی نداره
Splurge on something
ریخت و پاش کردن ولخرجی کردن
به رخ دیگران کشیدن
They decided to splurge on the latest smartphone, even though their old one still worked fine.
Lavish
Spend a lot of money on something
اسراف کردن ولخرجی کردن
it was the usual for the pharaoh to lavish gifts of power and positions on those who could help him
Intact
Unbroken undamaged
سالم دست نخورده بی عیب
Intact tomb
Live up to something
to meet or fulfill expectations, standards, or ideals
It didn’t live up to my expectations.
انتظارات منو برآورده نکرد
He worked hard to live up to his parents’ high expectations
She was nervous about her performance but determined to live up to her reputation as a great singer.
Inadequate
Opposite of adequate
Disappointing. Sub-standard
ناکافی نامساعد غیرکافی
not good enough, big enough, skilled enough etc for a particular purpose
The building’s electrical system was completely inadequate.
Dazzling
Stunning, gorgeous, exquisite
Very beautiful
a dazzling display of football skills
Phenomenal
Impressive, it took my breath away, out of this world
the phenomenal success of computer games in recent years
Gruesome
ˈɡruːsəm
Frightening, horrifying, terrifying
Police described it as a particularly gruesome attack.
Apprehensive
On edge
Anxious
I had butterflies in my stomach
We’d been a little apprehensive about their visit.
I was apprehensive that something would go wrong.
He was a bit anxious about the safety of the machinery.
She was on edge waiting for the results of her final exams.
Renowned
rɪˈnaʊnd
Iconic
Legendary
Famous
an island renowned for its beauty
The Eiffel Tower is an iconic symbol of Paris and French culture.
His legendary guitar solos defined an entire generation of rock music.
Heavy going
Tough
Challenging
I really struggled with it
Studying advanced physics can be heavy going without a solid background in mathematics.
It was a tough decision, but she knew she had to leave her job to follow her dreams.
Archaeologist
باستان شناس
Civilization
British: civilisation
ˌsɪvəl-aɪˈzeɪʃən
تمدن فرهنگ مدنیت
the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome
Kingdom
پادشاهی
The kingdom of Thailand
Dawn
The dawn of sth = to start of something
The dawn of civilization
سحر سپیده دم طلوع daybreak
Opposite of dusk غروب
From dawn to dusk از سپیده دم تا غروب
When dawn broke (=the first light of the day appeared), we were still 50 miles from Calcutta.
We worked from dawn to dusk
Trade and commerce emerged at the dawn of civilization, as early societies exchanged goods and ideas.
Successor
جانشین قائم مقام
since the Dawn of civilization societies have recorded the reigns of kings and emperors the fate of their heirs and successor
Conquest noun
Conquer verb ˈkɑːŋkər
Conqueror noun
is always won, but in war result is not specified
تسخیر غلبه پیروزی
to get control of a country by fighting
She was determined to conquer her fear of flying.
Conqueror فاتح غالب پیروز
Manuscript
Written by hand
نسخه خطی نوشته دست خط کتیبه
Stone tablets
لوح های سنگی
all this can be recorded in manuscript or on stone tablets
Peasant and laborer
ˈpezənt
British labourer
رعیت دهقان
extremely poor people/farmer/working on monarch’s land/without wages
Laborer : worker
Shred
Shred of sth
Use as a quantifier
ذره تکه پاره خرده
Very tiny
Shreds of evidence
چون evidence uncountable هست پس برای اینکه بخوایم بگیم مقداری ازش باید از quantifier استفاده کنیم
After the argument, their relationship was left in shreds of trust.
The lawyer argued that there wasn’t a shred of evidence to convict her client.
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Stone Age
Middle Age
Age is always capitalized
Medieval
ˌmediˈiːvəl
قرون وسطا
Medieval times
Life in medieval times was hard of or from the European middle ages
Renaissance
ˈrenəˌsɑːns
I love the great Renaissance art of Italy
Pre-colonial era
Post-colonial
A period of exploitation of other countries by European countries
List of metals
Iron
Silver
Gold
Copper
Tin
Zinc
Nickel
Steel
Brass
Copper مس
Tin روی حلب
Nickel نیکل
Brass برنج
Break out
if something unpleasant such as a fire, fight, or war breaks out, it starts to happen
When war broke out, my grandfather joined the army
Declare
to officially announce war
اعلان کردن اعلام کردن
what was declared on his 25th birthday. He didn’t want to go to war but he had no choice.
The king declared war
Fierce
Fierce fighting
Serious, challenging, and intense
The government wew sending troops to the south, where they expected fierce fighting
Troop: گروه دسته عده سربازان
All-out war
: involves every aspect of a country
done in a very determined way, and involving a lot of energy or anger
At first, there were just minor incidents, but soon it developed into all out war
Incident حادثه واقعه
Open fire
Start shooting
They saw him and opened fire, but he was able to escape
Decisive battle
نبرد سرنوشت ساز
the result is important
after several months, our army went into action in the first decisive battle of the war
The war/battle/invasion raged for + amount of time
Invasion هجوم
The battle raged for several days
A two hour battle rage in the northern district
Peacekeeping forces
Tied to an organization/ the United Nations
My grandfather said he hated being involved in fighting the war and that’s the only armies we should have should be peacekeeping forces
The horrors of war
Destruction, death, injury, famine, torture, homelessness, imprisonment
Avart war
Avoid prevent
He believes that we must do everything we can avart war in the future
Negotiate a peace agreement
It can be useful to invite a neutral to help negotiate a peace agreement
Call a truce/ ceasefire
truːs
ˈsiːsfaɪə
آتش بس
Although a ceasefire has been called for the duration of the peace negotiations, hopes of its success are not high
• Hopes are not high.
• Hopes are high.
Treaty
Sign a (peace) treaty
پیمان معاهده قرارداد
At the end of the war, all the countries involved signed a peace treaty in Paris.
Lasting peace
صلح پایدار
Hopes for a lasting peace are, unfortunately, fading fast.
Peace activist
Activist : work individually/not tied to an organization
Peace activities around the world staged a series of massive demonstrations against the war
Demonstration تظاهرات
Keep the peace
After the war was over, UN troops were sent into the troubled area to help keep the peace there.
Troops : soldiers
Restore order
برگردوندن نظم
Soldiers were sent in to restore order after the uprising
• Uprising
• Rebellion
• Revolution
• Demonstration
• Movement
• Strike
خیزش مردم
اغتشاش طغیان شورش
انقلاب
تظاهرات
جنبش
اعتصاب
Hooligan
ولگرد اوباش
Football hooligans
Fought a running battle
Fought past tense and past participle of fight
The police fought a running battle with football hooligans in the town center
Heroic
hɪˈrəʊɪk
Heroic fight
Put up a heroic fight against
Lost the battle
قهرمانانه حماسی
The people of the village put up a heroic fight against the construction of the new motorway, but finally lost the battle
Resistance
rɪˈzɪstəns
Put up / Offer resistance
مقاومت ایستادگی پایداری
fighting against someone who is attacking you
The bank robbers didn’t offer any resistance when the police surrounded them
Drug baron
Drug lord
قاچاقچی
The army will continue to fight the war against the drug barons
Warlord
سردار جنگ فرمانده ارتش
A military leader who controls a country or more often an area, which in a country
