Unit 5 - Genomics & Proteonomics Flashcards
Genomics
attempts to describe living organisms in terms of its whole genome (the components, sequences, structure, etc)
Structural Genomics
the study of the organization and sequence of genetic information
Genetic (Linkage) Maps
approximates locations of genes relative to other genes based on rates of recombination
2 Limitations of Genetic Linkage Maps
- low resolution/detail
- does not correspond to physical distance b/w genes
mu
Map Unit
the distance b/w 2 genes for which every 100 meioses makes 1 recombinant
cM
centimorgan
same thing as mu (Map Unit)
Do markers usually contain genes?
No.
If a gene is close to a marker, it is _______ likely to pass together from parent to offspring.
more
3 Types of Gene Mapping
- Physcial Mapping
- Restriction Mapping
- Genetic (Linkage) Mapping
What two methods are helpful in sequencing entire genomes?
- Cloning
- Restriction Digest
When did the Human Genome Project Begin?
1990
About how many genes are in the human genome?
~20500 genes
Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing
fragment and look for overlap
looks for smaller inserts/overlaps & automated w/ computers
contig
a CONTINUOUS STRETCH OF DNA formed from overlapping sequences
partial digestion of DNA
limit the amt of time DNA is exposed to endonucleases to be digested
What did Venter and Collins accomplish?
created rough draft of the human genome
SNP
single-nucleotide polymorphism
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
a site in the genome where individual members differ by a single bp
Haplotype
the specific set of SNPs and other genetic variants (such as short tandem repeats) observed on a chromosome
physically linked and inherited together
What is used to track people’s genetic ancestry
haplotypes
GWAS
Genome-Wide Association Study
GWAS & SNPs have been useful in studying ______.
diseases
CNV
Copy Number Variations
EST
Expressed Sequence Tags
Copy Number Variations (CNVs)
the number of copies of DNA sequences varies from person to person
Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)
markers associated w/ DNA sequences that are expressed as RNA
Bioinformatics
molecular biology + computer science
relies on stats, mathematics and engineering
Metagenomics
sequencing the genomes of entire communites/groups of organisms
What group of bacteria is associated with obesity?
Firmicutes
Synthetic Biology
creating a synthetic cell from scratch!!!
(*Thought: God must understand this very well to create us)
Functional Genomics
looks to understand and predict what genes do
Transcriptome
ALL the RNA molecules transcribed from a genome
Proteome
ALL the PROTEINS encoded by the genome
Metabolomics
the study of small molecules w/in the cells/tissues/organs and how they interact w/ each other
1 cM is ~____
1 Megabase (Mb) ; 1 million base pairs
BLAST
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
a domain allowing you to search for discovered sequences to ID what a sequence you have might do #helpdeterminefunction
Homologous Sequences
genes that are evolutionary related
(encompasses ortholgous and paralogous senquences)
Orthologous Squences
Homolous genes in DIFFERNT SPECIES that evolved from the same gene in a common ancestor
(the alpha-gene in mice and the alpha-gene in chicks are ortologs)
Parlogous Sequences
Homologous genes arising by duplication of a single gene in the SAME ORGANISM.
(the alpha-chain gene and the beta-chain gene in mice are paralogs)
Reporter Sequence
encodes an easily observed product to tract the expression of a gene of interest
What process do Microarrays rely on?
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
About how many genes do human have?
20,500
About how many genes do prokaryotes have?
1000-2000
On average, about how many genes are found per 1000 bps?
~ 1 gene per 1000 bps
gene deserts
noncoding DNA
What percent of the human genome is derived from transposable elements?
44.4%
Drosophila
fruit fly
How many base pairs are in the human genome?
3.2 Billion
PAGE
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
2D-PAGE separates molecules by _____ and then ______.
pH and then mass/size
Isoelectric Focusing separates molecules by ____.
pH
The Isoelectric Point = a molecule’s _______.
pH
SDS-PAGE separates molecules by _____.
size
