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Genetics > Unit 5 - Genomics & Proteonomics > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Genomics & Proteonomics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genomics

A

attempts to describe living organisms in terms of its whole genome (the components, sequences, structure, etc)

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2
Q

Structural Genomics

A

the study of the organization and sequence of genetic information

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3
Q

Genetic (Linkage) Maps

A

approximates locations of genes relative to other genes based on rates of recombination

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4
Q

2 Limitations of Genetic Linkage Maps

A
  • low resolution/detail
  • does not correspond to physical distance b/w genes
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5
Q

mu

A

Map Unit
the distance b/w 2 genes for which every 100 meioses makes 1 recombinant

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6
Q

cM

A

centimorgan
same thing as mu (Map Unit)

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7
Q

Do markers usually contain genes?

A

No.

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8
Q

If a gene is close to a marker, it is _______ likely to pass together from parent to offspring.

A

more

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9
Q

3 Types of Gene Mapping

A
  • Physcial Mapping
  • Restriction Mapping
  • Genetic (Linkage) Mapping
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10
Q

What two methods are helpful in sequencing entire genomes?

A
  • Cloning
  • Restriction Digest
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11
Q

When did the Human Genome Project Begin?

A

1990

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12
Q

About how many genes are in the human genome?

A

~20500 genes

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13
Q

Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing

A

fragment and look for overlap
looks for smaller inserts/overlaps & automated w/ computers

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14
Q

contig

A

a CONTINUOUS STRETCH OF DNA formed from overlapping sequences

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15
Q

partial digestion of DNA

A

limit the amt of time DNA is exposed to endonucleases to be digested

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16
Q

What did Venter and Collins accomplish?

A

created rough draft of the human genome

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17
Q

SNP

A

single-nucleotide polymorphism

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18
Q

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

A

a site in the genome where individual members differ by a single bp

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19
Q

Haplotype

A

the specific set of SNPs and other genetic variants (such as short tandem repeats) observed on a chromosome

physically linked and inherited together

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20
Q

What is used to track people’s genetic ancestry

A

haplotypes

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21
Q

GWAS

A

Genome-Wide Association Study

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22
Q

GWAS & SNPs have been useful in studying ______.

A

diseases

23
Q

CNV

A

Copy Number Variations

24
Q

EST

A

Expressed Sequence Tags

25
Q

Copy Number Variations (CNVs)

A

the number of copies of DNA sequences varies from person to person

26
Q

Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)

A

markers associated w/ DNA sequences that are expressed as RNA

27
Q

Bioinformatics

A

molecular biology + computer science

relies on stats, mathematics and engineering

28
Q

Metagenomics

A

sequencing the genomes of entire communites/groups of organisms

29
Q

What group of bacteria is associated with obesity?

A

Firmicutes

30
Q

Synthetic Biology

A

creating a synthetic cell from scratch!!!
(*Thought: God must understand this very well to create us)

31
Q

Functional Genomics

A

looks to understand and predict what genes do

32
Q

Transcriptome

A

ALL the RNA molecules transcribed from a genome

33
Q

Proteome

A

ALL the PROTEINS encoded by the genome

34
Q

Metabolomics

A

the study of small molecules w/in the cells/tissues/organs and how they interact w/ each other

35
Q

1 cM is ~____

A

1 Megabase (Mb) ; 1 million base pairs

36
Q

BLAST

A

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool

37
Q

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)

A

a domain allowing you to search for discovered sequences to ID what a sequence you have might do #helpdeterminefunction

38
Q

Homologous Sequences

A

genes that are evolutionary related
(encompasses ortholgous and paralogous senquences)

39
Q

Orthologous Squences

A

Homolous genes in DIFFERNT SPECIES that evolved from the same gene in a common ancestor
(the alpha-gene in mice and the alpha-gene in chicks are ortologs)

40
Q

Parlogous Sequences

A

Homologous genes arising by duplication of a single gene in the SAME ORGANISM.
(the alpha-chain gene and the beta-chain gene in mice are paralogs)

41
Q

Reporter Sequence

A

encodes an easily observed product to tract the expression of a gene of interest

42
Q

What process do Microarrays rely on?

A

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

43
Q

About how many genes do human have?

A

20,500

44
Q

About how many genes do prokaryotes have?

A

1000-2000

45
Q

On average, about how many genes are found per 1000 bps?

A

~ 1 gene per 1000 bps

46
Q

gene deserts

A

noncoding DNA

47
Q

What percent of the human genome is derived from transposable elements?

A

44.4%

48
Q

Drosophila

A

fruit fly

49
Q

How many base pairs are in the human genome?

A

3.2 Billion

50
Q

PAGE

A

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

51
Q

2D-PAGE separates molecules by _____ and then ______.

A

pH and then mass/size

52
Q

Isoelectric Focusing separates molecules by ____.

A

pH

53
Q

The Isoelectric Point = a molecule’s _______.

A

pH

54
Q

SDS-PAGE separates molecules by _____.

A

size

Genetics (5 decks)

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