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Genetics > UNIT 2 REVIEW > Flashcards

UNIT 2 REVIEW Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prototroph

A

bacteria having the nutritional requirements of the nml/wildtype

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2
Q

auxotroph

A

mutant strain of bacteria lacks the ability to make a specific compound; will not grow unless the growth medium contains specific nutrients

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3
Q

minimal medium

A

contains only nutrients required by protophoic (wildtype) bacteria

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4
Q

complete/enriched medium

A

contains supplemental nutrients + basic nutrients to support fastidious or mutant growth requirements

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5
Q

F factor

A

fertility factor
(an episome allowing gene exchange b/w bacteria - first observed by Esther Lederberg)

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6
Q

Do auxotrophs or prototrophs require extra nutrients?

A

auxotrophs (mutants)

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7
Q

Diff. b/w plasmids & episomes

A

episomes are larger than plasmids and can incorporate into the chromosome and remain integrated

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8
Q

Esther Lederberg

A

Discovered Fertility Factor (F Factor)

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9
Q

Transformation

A

bacteria can take up naked DNA from its environment into its cell

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10
Q

OriV

A

origin of replicaion on a plasmid

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11
Q

OriV vs OriC

A

OriC is the orgin of replication of a chromosome and OriV is the origin on a plasmid

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12
Q

replicon

A

segment of DNA undergoing replication

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13
Q

How many OriC in bacteria?

A

usually 1

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14
Q

Number of OriC in eukaryotes

A

Multiple per chromosome

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15
Q

Both RNA and DNA synthesis occur ___ to ___.

A

5’ to 3’

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16
Q

leading strand

A

continuous replication following the replication fork b/c we can keep adding to the 3’ end

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17
Q

lagging strand

A

sythesis occurs in direction opposite the movement of the replication fork #discontinoussynthesis #okasakifragments

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18
Q

Topoisomerase II AKA

A

gyrase

19
Q

Topoisomerase II AKA Gyrase

A

works ahead of DNA helicase to cut double stranded DNA temporarily and prevent supercoiling & prevents helicase from getting to far ahead of itself

20
Q

The 3 Stages of a Bacterial Cell Cycle

A

B Period (birth)
C Period (chromosome replication)
D Period (cell division)

21
Q

Two Main Stages of Eukaryotic Cell Division

A

Interphase & Mitosis

22
Q

3 Stages of Interphase

A

G1, S, G2

23
Q

4 Phases of Mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

24
Q

What happens between Telophase and Interphase (G1)?

A

Cytokinesis

25
Q

Conservative, SemiConservative, and Dispersive Replication

A

Conservative: One daughter molecule contains both strands of parent DNA
Semi-Conservative: Each daughter molecules contains 1 strand of DNA from the parent and 1 new strand
Dispersive: parental dobule helix is broken into double stranded segments and then reassembled into complete double helicies with parental and progeny DNA interpsersed

26
Q

Watson & Crick

A

proposed method of replication based on structure

27
Q

Meselson & Stahl

A

determiend DNA is replicated in a semi-conservative method

28
Q

Theta Replication

A

repliation in circular DNA

29
Q

Do plasmids replicate bidirectionally?

A

No.

30
Q

Do bacterial chromosomes replicate bidirectionally?

A

Yes.

31
Q

Discontinuous replication produces ____.

A

Okasaki fragments

32
Q

dnaB is a ________.

A

helicase

33
Q

dnaA

A

binds to oriC and helps to open the DNA initiallhy so dnaB (helicase) can fit in and unwind it further

34
Q

DNA Polymerase ____ synthesizes the daughter strand

A

III

35
Q

Expalin Briefly how DNA Polymerase I, II, and III work together.

A

I removes the primers and starts replication, III (yes, 3) is the major replicative polymerase adding nuclotides, then II functions to repair any mistakes.

36
Q

What are the 4 major nucleases in Eukaryotes?

A

alpha - create primer to initiate replication
delta - DNA synthesis on lagging strand
epsilon - DNA synthesis on LEading strand
gamma - mitochondrial DNA replication

37
Q

DNA Polymerase II exonuclease activity is

A

3’ to 5’

38
Q

DNA polymease III exonuclease activity is

A

3’ to 5’

39
Q

DNA Polymerase I exonuclease activity is

A

5’ to 3’

40
Q

In linear DNA molecules, which end gets shorter after each round of replication?

A

both ends

41
Q

heterochromatin

A

highly compacted chormatin (telomeres/centromerers)

42
Q

euchromatin

A

less compacted chromatin (arms/crossingover)

43
Q

How many base pairs per nucleosome?

A

200 per nucleosome + 30 base pairs between each nucleosome = ~230

Genetics (5 decks)

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