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Genetics > UNIT 1 REVIEW > Flashcards

UNIT 1 REVIEW Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

If pangenesis were true:

A

hertiable info would be transmitted by somatic cells, not just germ cells in the gonads #gemmules
(Darwin proposed this theory)

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2
Q

Drosophilia meanogaster

A

Fruit Fly

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3
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans

A

Nematode

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4
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana

A

Thale-Cress Plant

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5
Q

Neurospora crassa

A

bread mold

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6
Q

Zea mays

A

corn

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7
Q

Danio reiro

A

zebra fish

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8
Q

Xenopus laevis

A

clawed frog

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9
Q

Preformationism

A

sperm or eggs contain a fully formed homunculus and thefore the traits of offspring were inherited from only one parent.

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10
Q

homunculus

A

fully formed mini human

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11
Q

Who Porposed the Theorgy of Pangenesis?

A

Darwin

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12
Q

Who proposed the Germ-Plasm Theory?

A

Weissmann

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13
Q

Germ-Plasm Theory

A

germline tissue in the reproductive organs contained a complee set of genetic info which is transferred directly to the gametes.
(Proposed by Weissmann)

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14
Q

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristcs Theory

A

acquired traits become incorporated into hereditary info

(The theory is incorrect)

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15
Q

What 3 Theories of Inheritance are Correct?

A
  • Germ-Plasm Theory
  • Cell Theory
  • Mendelian Inheritance
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16
Q

How many genes are in the human genome?

A

~20,500

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17
Q

nucloside vs nucleotide

A

Nuclotide = 5 Carbon sugar + base + phosphate

Nucleoside = evereything but the phosphate (5 carbon sugar + base only)

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18
Q

rNTP

A

ribose Nucleotide Tri Phosphosphate

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19
Q

dNTP

A

deoxyribose Nucleotide Tri Phosphate

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20
Q

Describe a Purine’s shape

A

hexagon connected to a pentagon

(A&G)

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21
Q

Describe a Pyrimidine’s Shape

A

a hexagon

(T, C, U)

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22
Q

A

A

purine

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23
Q

G

A

purine

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24
Q

C

A

pyrimidine

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25
Q

T

A

purine (found only in DNA)

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26
Q

U

A

purine
(found only in RNA)

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27
Q

What are the 2 Purines?

A

A & G

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28
Q

What are the 3 Pyrimidines?

A

T, C, U

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29
Q

What does it mean for nucleic acids to be antiparallel?

A

One strand is oriented 5’ - 3’ and the other strand is oriented 3’ - 5’

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30
Q

What does it mean for nucleic acids to be complimentary?

A

pyrimidines align and hydrogen bodn with their corresponding purine and vise versa

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31
Q

4 Things that Genetic Material must do or be:

A
  • contain complex coding info
  • replicate faithfully
  • must encode the phenotype
  • have the capacity to vary
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32
Q

Fredrick Griffith

A

Discovered the principle of transformation

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33
Q

Who discovered the principle of Transformation using bacteria and mice?

A

Frederick Griffith

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34
Q

Explain How Frederick Griffith Discovered the Principle of Transformation of Bacteria?

A
  • Live virulent bacteria killed the mice.
  • Live non-virulent bacteria did not kill the mice.
  • Killed virulent bacteria did not kill the mice.
  • Killed virulent bacteria with with live non-virulent bacteria killed the mice.

Essenetially, virulent bacteria were able to share their genetic code for virulency with non-virulent bacteria which transformed them into virulent bacteria.

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35
Q

Griffith Discovered the Transforming Principle, but Who Identified the substances as being DNA?

A

Avery, MacLeod, & McCarty

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36
Q

What did Avery, MacLeod, & McCarty do?

A

Identified DNA is the substance which causes Transformatio in Bacteria

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37
Q

How did Avery, MacLeod & McCarty ID the Transforming Principle?

A

They 1) killed virulent bacteria
2) homogenized it into a mix of proteins, RNA, & DNA
3) Used DNAase, RNAase & Protease in different samples of the homogenized bacteria to kill the different componenens
4) examined which sampels allowed transformation into virulent bacteria

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38
Q

What did Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase discover?

A

DNA is the genetic material of phages

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39
Q

Briefly Describe How Hershy & Chase discovered DNA is the genetic material of phages?

A

E. coli was infected w/ bacteriophages in 2 separate test tubes. One test tube had radioactive S and the other had radioactive P.
After growing, the protein coats were sheared off in a blender and separated using centrifugation. Radioactive S was seen in the fluid containing the virus coats and radioactive P was seen in the progeny phages.

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40
Q

Difference b/w Ribose and Deoxyribose

A

Ribose has an OH and Deoxyribose has just an H (no O) on the 2’ Carbon.

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41
Q

Which Carbon in a pentose sugar determines if it is ribose or deoxyribose?

A

the 2’ Carbon

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42
Q

Purines always pair w/ __________.

A

Pyrimidines

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43
Q

dAMP

A

deoxy Adenosine Mono Phosphate

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44
Q

What is adenine called when bonded with a sugar?

A

adenosine

(ose=sugar)

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45
Q

What are the 2 things sepcified by Chargaff’s Rule?

A
  • AT & GC are base pairs
  • The variability of nucleotides is different in different species
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46
Q

According to Chargaff’s Rule, if a genome is 20% adenine, what percent should be guanine?

A

30% Guanine

(20% A + 20% T = 40%
30% G + 30% C = 60%)

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47
Q

Who was a crystallographer and helped discovere the molecular structures of nucleic acids, including the helix?

A

Rosalind Elsie Franklin

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48
Q

What did Watson & Crick contribute to the study of Genetics?

A

Understanding the 2ndary structure (double helix) explains how DNA replciates

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49
Q

What two parts of the nucleotide form the backbone of a DNA strand?

A

sugar and phosphate held together by phosphodiester bonds

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50
Q

Which set of base pairs forms 3 hydrogen bonds and are therefore stronger?

A

G-C

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51
Q

What is the most common form of a right handed DNA helix?

A

B-Form

(the slightly uneven spacking forms mnor and major grooves)

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52
Q

To which Carbon in the sugar does the nitrogenous base bond to?

A

1’

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53
Q

To which carbons are the phosphates bonded to the sugar in nuclotides?

A

3’ and 5’

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54
Q

What is the polarity of nucleic acids?

A

5’ - 3’

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55
Q

What is the polarity of proteins?

A

N-terminus –> C-terminus

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56
Q

Tertiary Structure AKA

A

Globular Structure

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57
Q

What are the 4 main functions of DNA?

A
  • store complex info
  • replicate faithfully
  • encode the phenotype
  • capacity to vary
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58
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

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59
Q

tRNA

A

translation RNA

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60
Q

Does the 3’ or 5’ end of a tRNA look longer?

A

3’

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61
Q

What prevents RNA from forming the B-Form double helix like DNA?

A

The extra OH group in RNA prevents it from forming the B-Form double helix. Instead, RNA forms the A-Form double helix.

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62
Q

What helical form is typical of DNA?

A

B-Form

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63
Q

What is the primary enzyme in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

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64
Q

What is the primary enzyme in RNA replication?

A

RNA polymerase

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65
Q

What is the primary enzyme in translation from RNA –> proteins

A

ribosomes (ribozyme)

66
Q

What is the difference b/w (+) and (-) sense RNA?

A

Positive Sense RNA can be translated or replicated

67
Q

Which RNA is unique to prokaryotes?

A

crisprRNA
(crRNA)

68
Q

List some RNAs unique to eukaryotes

A

pre-messenger,
small nuclear,
small nucleolar,
micro,
small interfering,
long noncoding
piwi-interacting

69
Q

snRNA
snoRNA

A

small nuclear (sn)
small nucleolar (sno)

*Note: Both found in the nucleus

70
Q

miRNA

A

micro RNA

71
Q

siRNA

A

small interferring RNA

72
Q

lncRNA

A

long noncoding RNA

73
Q

piRNA

A

Piwi-interacting RNA

74
Q

Difference b/w RNA Polymerase I, II & III

A

I: transcribes genes encoding rRNA
II: transcribes genes encoding mRNA (+sn & microRNAs)
III: transcribes genes encoing tRNAs

75
Q

Which Polymerase transcribes genes encoding mRNAs

A

RNA Polymerase II

76
Q

Which Polymerase transcribes genes encding tRNAs

A

RNA Polymerase III

77
Q

Which Polymerase transcribes genes encoding rRNA

A

RNA Polymerase I

78
Q

In which direction is DNA read?

A

3’ - 5’

79
Q

In which direction is RNA syntesized?

A

5’ to 3’

80
Q

Non-Template Strand AKA

A

Coding Strand
(this strand is idential to the RNA strand except T are replaced w/ U)

81
Q

Template Strand AKA

A

Non-Coding Strand

82
Q

What strand of DNA is actually being read during transcription?

A

The Non-Coding Strand
AKA the Template Strand

83
Q

What is the Coding Strand?

A

The strand of DNA that will look ALMOST identical to the RNA transcribed. (The Coding Strand is not the strand being read).

84
Q

The best definition of a “gene” is

A

a transcription unit

85
Q

Structural Gene

A

RNA coding region

86
Q

At what end of the template is the terminator?

A

the 5’ end

87
Q

At what end of the template is the promotor?

A

the 3’ end (in the negative region)

88
Q

Does the promotor get transcribed?

A

No

89
Q

Does the terminator get transcribed?

A

yes

90
Q

What is the 5’ UTR?

A

On an RNA molecule: located b/w the start of an RNA transcript and the AUG start codon. Allows the ribosome to bind and initiate translation.

91
Q

What is the 3’ untranslated region?

A

On an RNA molecule: starts at the stop codon and goes to the end of the transcript

92
Q

In which direction is RNA synthesized?

A

5’ - 3’

93
Q

In which direction is RNA read?

A

5’ - 3’

94
Q

What are the 3 Phases of Transcription?

A

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

95
Q

Step 1 of Transcription

A

INITIATION
DNA is unwound to create a transcription bubble and initiate RNA synthesis

96
Q

Step 2 of Transcription

A

ELONGATION
RNA synthesis continues and the transcription bubble moves along

97
Q

Step 3 of Transcription

A

TERMINATION
RNA stops synthesiszing and is released

98
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG
(*A is at the START of the alphabet)

99
Q

Stop Codon

A

UAG
(*U is near the end of the alphabet)

100
Q

Where does Polymerase Bind?

A

at the promoter

101
Q

Where is the promoter on DNA?

A

Towards the 5’ end of the NONTEMPLATE strand, upstream from the transcriptions start site

102
Q

What nucleotides are found in the Pribnow Box?

A

As and Ts

103
Q

What are the locations of the two short sequences in prokaryotes’ promoters that help initite transcription?

A

-35 and -10 (pribnow box)

104
Q

Prokaryotes have a Pribnow Box in their promoters. Eukaryotes have a _________ Box

A

TATA

105
Q

Consensus Sequence

A

the idealized sequence/most frequently occurring

106
Q

sigma factor

A

a transcription factor that helps initiate transcription, by helping the core RNA Polymerase bind to the promoter.
Binds initially during transcription, but leaves once you get going.

107
Q

sigma factor + core RNA polymerase =

A

holoenzyme

108
Q

About how nucleotides long is the elongation bubble?

A

~18

109
Q

Is sigma factor needed to intiate transcription?

A

Yes. It is necessary.
(only to initiate, but not to elongate)

110
Q

sigma factors are found in prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes

111
Q

What do Transcriptional Activator Proteins do?

A

bind to enhancer sequences upstream the promoter and cause the DNA to fold and create a large complex.

112
Q

Rho Factor

A

helps termiate transcription in bacteria by unwinding the RNA from the DNA.

113
Q

Where does Rho attach?

A

it attaches to the rut site on RNA

114
Q

Explain how RNA synthesis is terminated in Bacteria

A

-Rho factor attaches to the rut site on the RNA then moves toward the 3’ end
-When RNA polymerase encounters a terminator sequence, it pauses and Rho catches up.
-Rho uses helicase activity to unwide the RNA from the DNA

115
Q

Explain Rho-Independent Termination

A

A sequence of inverted repeats in the terminator are transcribed into RNA and forms a hairpin loop.
The hairpin loop destabilizes DNA-RNA base pairing and the RNA is released.

116
Q

What is the difference b/w T & U

A

a methyl group

117
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between G & C?

A

3

118
Q

Does Rho Factor require ATP?

A

yes.

119
Q

What must happen to end transcripition?

A
  • RNA polymerase must stope synthesizing RNA
  • RNA must be released from the RNA polymerase & DNA template and then dissociate
120
Q

What do Inverted Repeats form?

A

Hairpin Loops

121
Q

Polycistronic RNA

A

multiple genes share the same RNA molecule

122
Q

Colinearity

A

direct correlation b/w DNA sequence and amino acid sequence in prokaryotes w/o exons and introns.

Prokaryotes have continueous genes and eukaryotes have disrupted genes.

123
Q

During transcription, sequences of DNA containing introns will form ___.

A

loops

124
Q

What is the Shine-Dalgarno Sequence?

A

ribosome binding site in prokaryotes

125
Q

In prokaryotes, ribosomes can attach to the 5’ end of mRNA and begin _______ while the 3’ end is still being _________.

A

Translated
Transcribed

126
Q

In eukaryotes, where does translation take place?

A

the cytosol

127
Q

What are the 4 steps in pre-mRNA processing?

A

Introns are excised.
Exons are spliced back together.
5’ Cap is formed.
Poly(A) Tail is formed (polyadenylation)

128
Q

What is the purpose of the 5’ Cap?

A

Helps start translation.
CAP Binding Proteins Bind to the CAP then Ribosomes bind to the CAP Binding Proteins before moving along to the Start Codon

129
Q

3 Fuctions of the 3’ Poly(A) Tail

A
  • Increases stability of the mRNA
  • Aids in exporting the mRNA out of the nucleus in to the cytosol
  • promotes attachment of the ribosome to the RNA
130
Q

Where are the 5’ and 3’ splice sites located?

A

5’ splice site is located at the beginning of an intron and the 3’ splice site is located at the end of an intron.

131
Q

snRNAs are located in what part of the cell?

A

the Nucleus

132
Q

Explain how Introns are Removed

A
  • snRNP (splicosome) cuts the RNA at teh 5’ splice site (the beginning of the intron).
  • The free 5’ end loops and forms a lariat w/ the branch site in the middle of the intron through a transesterification rxn.
  • the 3’ splice site is cut to relase the intron with the lariat
  • debranching enzymes release the lariat so the intron is a linear sequence again.
    -exoribonucleases destroy the introns to make more RNAs with its nucleotides.
133
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

exons can be included in the lariat and removed with the introns –> different proteins will be synthesiszed in eukaryotes

134
Q

What is always the code for the Acceptor Arm in tRNA

A

CCA (5’-3’)

135
Q

Ribosome Size in Bacteria

A

70S (50S + 30S)

136
Q

Ribosome Size in Eukaryots

A

80S (60S + 40S)

137
Q

siRNA

A

pieces of double stranded RNA formed when Dicer chops up double stranded RNA

138
Q

RISC

A

RNA Induced Silencing Complex

1 strand of siRNA + 1 argonaute

interferes with mRNA translation

139
Q

Difference b/w microRNAs and siRNAs

A

both can be incorporated into RISC but mirocRNAs inhibit the translation of mRNA and siRNAs cleave and degrade mRNA

140
Q

Where does transcription start?

A

The promoter

141
Q

Where does translation start?

A

The start codon

142
Q

Location of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence

A

5’ UTR region of RNA in prokaryotes where the ribosome attaches

143
Q

What are the two polarities on peptides?

A

N-Terminus and the C-Terminus

144
Q

elements found in proteins

A

CHONS

145
Q

Which amino acid is essential for children but not adults?

A

arginine

146
Q

The 3 BCAAs are:

A

Leucine, Isoleucine, & Valine

147
Q

How many Amino Acids are essential?

A

9

148
Q

Marshall Nirenberg & Johann Matthaei

A

discovered which codons code for which amino acids

149
Q

How many of the 64 codons are nonsense codons?

A

3

150
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG
methionine

151
Q

isoaccepting tRNAs

A

tRNAs with different anticodon sequences, but accept the same amino acid

152
Q

The ___ position in a codon can sometimes pair with different nucleotides. ___ & ___ may sometimes be read by a G in the anticodon.

A

3rd position
U & C may be read by a G in the anticodon if in the 3rd position
#wobble

153
Q

The Wobble Position

A

the 3rd position in the codon
(U & C may be read by G)

154
Q

What are the 3 sites for tRNA on a ribosome?

A

APE

A: Acceptor Site
P: Peptide Site
E: Exit Site

155
Q

mRNA is read

A

5’ to 3’

156
Q

Initiation Factors which prevent ribosome subunits from closing before positioning around the mRNA

A

IF - 1 & 3

157
Q

Initiation Factor which enables the attachment of tRNA carrying N-formylmethionine onto the P site at AUG

A

IF - 2

158
Q

Explain how amino acids are added to a polypeptide chain

A
  • IF-1&3 help the ribosome assemble around the mRNA.
  • EF-Tu says “HEY YOU!” and joins w/ GTP to guide tRNA to the A Site
  • EF-Ts stimulites the Tu and reenergizes it so it can keep working.
  • Meanwhile, EF-G moves the ribosome down the mRNA so it can get Going and Growing
159
Q

Where on the tRNA do amino acids attach?

A

The 3’ end with the amino acid attachment site CCA

160
Q

charging the tRNA

A

Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases attach amino acids to the tRNA using ATP

161
Q

Shine-Dalgarno vs Kozak Sequence

A

both are consensus sequences.
Shine-Dalgarno Sequence is found in BACTERIA UPSTREAM the start codon.
Kozak Sequence is found in EUKARYOTES AROUND the start codon.

162
Q

Just as enhancers form loop and aid in transcription, _____ forms a loop and aids in __________.

A

Poly(A) tails form a loop and aid in translation.

Genetics (5 decks)

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