Unit 5 - Energy Transfers in & b/w Organisms Flashcards
what does respiration produce?
ATP
what is the structure of atp?
adenine base
ribose
3 phosphate groups
how is atp useful in biological processes?
releases energy in small manageable amounts
one step hydrolysis so immediate energy compound
can phosphorylate substances to make them more reactive
can be reformed
small & soluble so easily transported around cell
cannot pass out of cell
by what 2 processes is atp formed?
- substrate-level phosphorylation
phosphate group is transferred by an enzyme from substrate onto ADP molecule - chemiosmosis
involves the diffusion of protons down electrochemical gradient across ppm
this releases energy needed by ATP synthase to combine ADP + Pi
only in aerobic respiration
what does chemiosmosis require to work?
specialised membrane containing specific proteins:
- electron transport chain including e- carriers/proton pump proteins
- ATP synthase
source of excited/high energy e-s to be passed along etc
final e- acceptor to enable redox reactions in etc to happen
source of protons (from NADH)
what is glycolysis?
the first stage anaerobic and aerobic respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm & is an anaerobic process
what stages does glycolysis involve?
phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate (6C) using ATP
splitting of phosphorylated glucose into triose phosphate (3C)
oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate (3C) with a net gain of ATP & reduced NAD
what happens in glycolysis in anaerobic respiration?
if respiration is only anaerobic, pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
reduced NAD is oxidised
oxidised NAD can be used in further glycolysis, producing ATP
what happens after glycolysis in aerobic respiration?
if respiration is aerobic, pyruvate from glycolysis enters the mitochondrial matrix by active transport
then link reaction
what stages does the link reaction involve?
- pyruvate from glycolysis enters the mitochondrial matrix by active transport
- pyruvate is oxidised to acetate, producing reduced NAD
- acetate combines with coenzyme A to produce acetylcoenzyme A
- no atp produced
happens twice so products are 2x
overview of Krebs cycle
in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, the Krebs cycle generates reduced coenzymes and ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, and carbon dioxide is lost
what stages does the Krebs cycle involve?
series of oxidation-reduction reactions in the matrix
1. 2C acetylcoenzyme A from link reaction combines with 4C molecule to produce 6C molecule
2. 6C molecule loses CO2 & hydrogen to form a 4C molecule & single ATP molecule by substrate-level phosphorylation
3. 4C molecule combines with new acetylecoenzyme A to repeat cycle
4. NAD & FAD are reduced in the Krebs cycle too
cycle happens twice bc 2 pyruvate molecules so 2 acetylecoenzyme A molecules
define oxidative phosphorylation
the mechanism by which some of the energy in e-s in H atoms carried by reduced NAD & reduced FAD is conserved in the formation of ATP
describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation
- H atoms are released from reduced NAD & reduced FAD as they are oxidised to NAD & FAD. H atoms split into H+ & e-
- e-s move along the electron transport chain made up of e- carrier proteins in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, releasing energy at each carrier
- this energy is used by e- carrier proteins to pump protons from mitochondrial matric into intermembrane space
- conc. of protons in intermembrane space is greater than in matrix, forming electrochemical gradient
- protons diffuse down electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. this synthesises ATP from ADP & Pi
- the diffusion of H+ ions across membrane is called chemiosmosis
- at the end of the etc, the e-s & protons combine with an O2 molecule to form H2O. the O2 molecule is the final electron acceptor
what are other respiratory substrates?
lipids
amino acids
which enters the Krebs cycle