Unit 3 - Substance Exchange Flashcards
what is the physical breakdown of food?
food is ‘physically’ broken down into smaller pieces
increasing its surface area
by chewing, stomach churning & bile emulsification
what is the chemical digestion of food?
by enzymes
hydrolysing covalent bonds in large, insoluble molecules to form small, soluble molecules
describe the digestion of polysaccharides e.g. starch
polysaccharides digested by carbohydrases that hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds
1. salivary amylase produced in salivary glands digests starch into maltose
2. pancreatic amylase produced in pancreas digests starch into maltose
describe the digestion of disaccharides
disaccharides are digested by membrane-bound disaccharidases found in the csm of epithelial cells
1. maltase - maltose –> 2x alpha glucose
2. sucrase - sucrose –> alpha glucose + fructose
3. lactase - lactose –> alpha glucose + galactose
what category of enzymes are proteins digested by?
proteases that hydrolyse peptide bonds
- what is the function of endopeptidases?
they hydrolyse peptide bonds in the central region of a polypeptide
which forms shorter peptide chains
e.g. pepsin produced in the stomach
- where are exopeptidases produced & what is their function?
they are produced in pancreas & ileum
they hydrolyse peptide bonds at the ends of polypeptides on the terminal amino acids
which forms dipeptides & single amino acids
- where are dipeptidases found & what is their function?
they are bound in csm of epithelial cells lining the ileum
they hydrolyse peptide bonds b/w 2 amino acids of a dipeptide
what happens to lipids before digestion?
emulsification - lipids are split into tiny droplets by bile salts (produced in liver & stored in gall bladder)
increases surface area of lipids so lipase can work faster so hydrolysis is faster
then the tiny droplets are converted into micelles, which carry fatty acids & monoglycerides to epithelial cells
how are triglycerides digested?
by lipases which hydrolyse ester bonds
triglycerides –> monoglycerides + fatty acids
describe the absorption of the products of digestion of triglycerides
- micelles contain bile salts, fatty acids & monoglycerides
they make fatty acids more soluble in water - micelles carry fatty acids & monoglycerides to epithelial cells lining the ileum.
- micelles break down, releasing monoglycerides & fatty acids, which are non-polar so can simply diffuse across the csm into epithelial cells
- triglycerides reform in ser & in the golgi apparatus, they associate with cholesterol & lipoproteins to form chylomicrons
- vesicles containing chylomicrons move out of epithelial cells by exocytosis & enter lymphatic capillaries called lacteals
how is the ileum adapted for the absorption of the products of digestion?
absorption of digested food (glucose, aas, fatty acids & glycerol move into the blood by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion & some active transport)
ileum surface is covered in millions of tiny villi, which increases the surface area for a higher rate of dif./fac. dif./at
ileum is very long, which increases surface area & time for absorption to happen
how is a villus adapted for the absorption of the products of digestion?
csm of epithelial cells is highly folded into many microvilli
- increased surface area for insertion of membrane proteins: many carrier & channel proteins for fac. dif. & co-transport, many carrier proteins for at
- increased sa for higher rate of absorption
epithelial cells are very thin
- short diffusion distance so faster diffusion/absorption
blood supply & capillaries close to surface
- moving blood maintains a steep concentration gradient for faster diffusion/absorption
how are glucose & aas absorbed?
when there is a greater concentration of glucose/aas in the ileum than in the blood, these molecules can move down the concentration gradient into the blood by fac. dif.
when there is a greater concentration of glucose/aas in the blood than in the ileum, all molecules are transported against their concentration gradient by co-transport, which is allowed by active transport
describe the process of co-transport
- (3) sodium ions are actively transported from the epithelial cell into the blood by the Na+/K+ pump (carrier protein that requires ATP hydrolysis)
- this lowers the concentration of Na+ in the epithelial cell & creates a concentration/diffusion gradient for Na+ from ileum into the epithelial cell
- Na+ ions move into the epithelial cell from the ileum by fac. dif. & brings a glucose/aa with it by co-transport
- glucose/aa moves into the blood by fac. dif. down a concentration gradient using a glucose or aa channel protein
as the size of the organism increases, what is the effect on sa:v ratio?
decreases
what is fick’s law?
rate of diffusion is proportional to sa x conc. gradient/diffusion distance
how does sa increase the rate of gas exchange?
folds & branches
more membrane area over which exchange can happen
how does short diffusion distance increase the rate of gas exchange?
surface is often 1 cell thick so rapid gas exchange e.g. squamous epithelium & capillary endothelium
how is a steep diffusion gradient maintained?
ventilation & mass flow of air or water
rich blood supply by dense capillary network
what does the tracheal system consist of?
1- pores = spiracles
opened & closed by valves & regulate exchange of air & water
2- trachea(e) tubes supported by chitin to prevent collapse
3- smaller tracheoles increase sa
dead-end tubes
4- tracheoles extend throughout body tissues of the insect so oxygen is brought directly to respiring tissues/muscle fibres
how are gases exchanged in the tracheal system?
along a diffusion gradient (passive)
mass transport/ventilation
ends of tracheoles filled with water
describe the movement of gas along the diffusion gradient in tracheal system
when cells are respiring oxygen is used up so conc, towards the ends of the tracheoles decreases = creates a diffusion gradient
O2 diffuses from atmosphere to tracheoles to muscles
when cells respire CO2 is produced - creates a diffusion gradient so CO2 diffuses from tracheoles to atmosphere
describe the movement of gases by mass transport/ventilation in tracheal system
contraction of abdominal muscles in insects squeeze trachea
so mass movement of air in & out
maintains concentration gradient of O2 & CO2