Unit 5: Crossing Border — Grammar Flashcards
True or False: Phrases can be used to add details in writing
True
What is a phrase?
A phrase is a group of words that function as a single part of speech
What is the difference between phrases and sentences, concerning subjects and verbs?
Phrases do not have subjects and verbs like sentences do
What do preposition phrases start and end with?
Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun known as the object of the preposition
What can prepositional phrase be used as?
Adjective and Adverb phrases
What is an adjective phrase?
An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun
What questions does an adjective phrase answer?
An adjective and an adjective phrase answer “Which one?” and “What kind?”
What is an adverb phrase and what questions does it answer?
An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb, and answers the questions “Where?”, “When?”, “How?”, “To what extent?”, “To what degree?”, and “Why?”
What is an appositive?
An appositive is a noun or pronoun that renames or explains another noun or pronoun in a sentence
What is an appositive phrase?
An appositive phrase is an appositive with modifiers working together to rename or explain another noun or pronoun
What is the root word of “appositive”?
The root word of “appositive” is “appose”, meaning to place near or next to
Where are appositives and appositive phrases in sentences? What other trait can they hold?
Appositives and appositive phrases usually follow the noun or pronoun they describe, and can be essential or non-essential
What are non-essential appositives and appositive phrases separated by?
Commas
What are the three verbal phrases?
Participles, gerunds, and infinitives
What is a participle?
A participle is a verb form used as an adjective in a sentence
What is a participial phrase?
A participial phrase is a participle with its modifiers and compliments working together to function as an adjective
What questions does a participle answer?
“Which ones?” And “What kind?”
What does a participial phrase start with?
A participle
What is a gerund?
A gerund is the “-ing” form of a verb that is used as a noun
What is a gerund phrase?
A gerund phrase is a gerund with its modifiers and compliments working together to function as a noun
What is an infinitive?
An infinitive is a verb form that’s usually begins with the word “to”, and is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb
What is an infinitive phrase?
An infinitive phrase is an infinitive with its modifiers and compliments working together to function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
What is a dangling modifier?
A dangling modifier is a modifier that does not modify anything
What type of clauses are adjective, adverb, and noun clauses?
Dependent (Subordinate) Clauses
What is a clause?
A clause is a group of words containing a subject and predicate
True or False: Without an independent clause, a dependent clause does not make sense
True
What are adjective clauses?
Adjective clauses are dependent clauses that behave like adjectives in a sentence. These clauses always begin with a relative pronoun (which, whose, who, whom, that) and modify nouns
What are adverb clauses?
Adverb clauses are dependent clauses that behave like adverbs in a sentence. These clauses always begin with subordinating conjunctions and modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
What are noun clauses?
Noun clauses are dependent clauses that are used as nouns. There are two types: 1) dependent clauses beginning with “that”, “if”, and “whether” 2) dependent clauses beginning with “wh-“ words (like “what” and “who”), “how”, and “however”
What is a verbal?
A verbal is a word that expresses action but cannot be used as the main verb in a sentence. Instead, the word is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb
What benefits does a verbal provide, depending on its location?
Verbals add variety when placed at the beginning of a sentence, and add conciseness when they are used to combine two simple sentences
What is another name for independent clauses?
Main clauses
What are the prefixes “un-“, “dis-“, and “ir-“ frequently used for?
To form a word’s antonym or indicate an opposite meaning
What are adjectival clauses sometimes called?
Adjectival clauses are sometimes called relative clauses since they usually begin with a relative pronoun
What can a relative pronoun serve as within an adjectival clause?
A relative pronoun can serve as a subject, direct object, or an object of a preposition within an adjectival clause. It can also show procession
What does a restrictive adjectival clause answer?
“Which one?”
What does a non-restrictive adjectival clause answer?
“What kind?”
What can a noun clause be used as?
A noun clause can be used as a subject, direct object, indirect object, an object of a preposition, and as a predicate nominative
What is the relationship between adverb clauses and independent clauses?
Abverb clauses are attached to an independent clause and provide more information about the action described in the independent clause
What does a simple sentence consist of?
A simple sentence has one independent clause
What does a compound sentence consist of?
A compound sentence combines one or more independent clauses using a conjunction or semicolon
What does a complex sentence consist of?
A complex sentence combines an independent clause with one or more subordinate clauses
What does a compound-complex sentence consist of?
A compound-complex sentence includes two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause
What are the suffixes “-ence” and “-action” frequently added to words for?
To form a noun
Dialect Definition
Spoken language that is unique to a geographical region and/or social group
Why do authors use dialect?
- To sharpen characterization
- To help readers distinguish amount characters
- To establish setting
- To make a story more interesting
