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AP Human Geography > Unit 5/6 > Flashcards

Unit 5/6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lingua Franca-

A

a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages EX: English, Mandarin, French, Spanish

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2
Q

Pidgin language-

A

a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua Franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages. EX: I learn a simplified French in
school

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3
Q

Isogloss-

A

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate. EX: French is
spoken in France, but not Spain

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4
Q

Creole-

A

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizers language with the indigenous language of the
people being dominated.

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5
Q

Dialect-

A

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. EX:
Shanghainese

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6
Q

Isolated language-

A

language- A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family
EX: Basque: isolated by mountains, so no influence of other languages

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7
Q

Language branch:

A

A collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family
EX: west germanic branch and romance language branch

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8
Q

Language family:

A

a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. EX: Indo-european and Sino-Tibetan

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9
Q

Language group:

A

A collection of languages within a family that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.EX: French and Spanish

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10
Q

Language tree order:

A

Family, branch, group

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11
Q

Official language-

A

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication
of documents EX: English in Britain

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12
Q

Extinct language-

A

A language that was once used by people in daily activities, but is no longer used
EX: Hebrew was extinct and then it was revived

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13
Q

Logogram-

A

A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound. EX: Chinese writing

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14
Q

Received Pronunciation (RP)-

A

The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom

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15
Q

Franglais-

A

A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of français and Anglais, the French words for French and English.

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16
Q

Spanglish-

A

a combination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans. EX- tortilla

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17
Q

Vulgar Latin-

A

a form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents

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18
Q

Marija Gimbutas-

A

Creator of Normadic warrior hypothesis as to where Proto-Indo-European originated and how it spread. The Kurgan people near Russia and Kazakhstan who were nod amid herders that migrated in search of grassland for their animals which took them west towards and through Europe, east to Siberia, southeast to Iran and South Asian. The Kurgan warriors used their domesticated horses (they were one of the first people to domesticate horses and cattle) as weapons and conquered much of Europe and South Asia.

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19
Q

Colin Renfrew-

A

Creator of sedentary farmer hypothesis as to where Proto-Indo-European originated and how it spread. Argued the originators lived 2,000 years before the Kurgans in eastern Anatolia (part of Turkey). Biologist Russel D. Gray supports this, but says the first people were from even earlier. Renfrew believed they diffused west to Greece (origin of Greek language branch) and then to Italy, Sicily, Corsica, and Mediterranean coast of France, Spain, and Portugal (the origin of the Romance language branch) and then northward toward central and northern France and on to the British Isles (Possibly origin of Celtic branch). Then north from Greece toward Romania and west to Central Europe etc. Renfrew argues that Indo-European diffused into Europe and South Asia along with agricultural practices rather than military conquest. The language triumphed because its speakers became more numerous and prosperous by growing their own food instead of relying on hunting.

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20
Q

Indo-European-

A

the most widely used language family. European and Languages include: Spanish,
French, Protuguese, Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, English, German, Urdu, Hindi and many more.
Predominate language family in Europe, South Asia, North America and Latin America. Ex: English is an indo-European language

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21
Q

Sino-Tibetan:

A

Encompasses languages spoken in the People’s Republic of China and several smaller countries in Southeast Asia. There is no single Chinese language and Mandarin
is the most used language worldwide.

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22
Q

Linguistics

A

the scientific study of language and its structure

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23
Q

Loan words

A

a word adopted from a foreign language with little or no modification

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24
Q

Ethnologue

A

A reference source that provides information about languages like how many there are, which are extinct, etc

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25
Q

Language def

A

A system of communication through speech, a
collection of sounds that a group of people
understands to have the same meaning

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26
Q

Literary tradition

A

A system of written communication

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27
Q

Difference between language and literary tradition

A

Language is spoken and literary tradition is written

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28
Q

Do all cultures have Both a language and literary tradition

A

No, hundreds lack a literary tradition

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29
Q

There are 6909 languages spoken around the world. How many of these are spoken by less than 1 million people

A

6524

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30
Q

What is an official language and do all countries have one

A

Countries use this/these languages for official documents and public objects—e.g.,
road signs and money.
-Not all countries have an official language

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31
Q

Language family

A

Collection of languages

related through a common ancestral language

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32
Q

Language branches

A

Collection of languages
within a family related through a common ancestral
language. Differences are not as significant or as old as
between families.

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33
Q

Language groups

A

Collection of languages
within a branch that share a common origin in the
relatively recent past and display similar grammar and
vocabulary.

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34
Q

Language tree order

A
  • Family
  • Branch
  • Group
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35
Q

Two thirds of the people in the world speak a language that belongs to what two branches

A

_Indo-European

-Sino-Tibetan

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36
Q

Indo european: Number of speakers, where spoken, common languages, other important

A

Number of speakers: 100+ million
Where: North america, Eurasia, South Asia, South America, Austrailia
Common languages: English, French, Spanish, German
Other: Predominate language family in Europe, South Asia, North America
and Latin America

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37
Q

Sino-Tibetan: Number of speakers, where spoken, common languages, other important

A

Number: 100 + mil
Where: China, Tawiwan, Southeast Asian
Common language: Mandarin and Cantonese
Other: Use logograms to write. Encompasses languages spoken in the People’s Republic of China
and several smaller countries in Southeast Asia.
• No single Chinese language
• Mandarin is the most-used language in the world and the official language of
both the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan.

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38
Q

Germanic branch

A
  • Divided into West and North Germanic groups
  • Spoken mostly in Northwestern Europe and north America
  • English and German are both in the west germanic group
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39
Q

West Germanic group

A

-Divided into high and low Germanic based on elevation

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40
Q

High Germanic

A

-A part of the West Germanic group and Germanic branch

-

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41
Q

North Germanic group

A 
A part of the Germanic branch
-All are Scandanavian
-All derived from old Norse
-All languages emerged because migration and political arrangement of countries
- Swedish
-Danish
Norweigan
-Icelandic
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42
Q

Low germanic

A

-A part of West Germaic group and Germanic branch
-Creates English
-
-Dialect of German spoken in Northern lowlands of Germany

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43
Q

Indo-Iranian branch

A 
• Spoken primarily in
South Asia (India)
• Most speakers of the
language branch
• Subdivided into eastern
group (Indic) and
western  group
(Iranian)
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44
Q

Indic group

A
  • Part of Indo-Iranian branch
  • Hindi (Indian)
  • Can be regarded as a collection of many individual langauges, but there is only one official way to write Hindi (Devonagari)
  • Urdu (Spoken like Hindi, bu t written with Arabian alphabet, bc Urdu is the principal language of Pakistan and they are Muslims and the Quran is written in Arabic
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45
Q

Iranian (Western) Group

A

-Part of Indo-Iranian branch
-• Indo-Iranian languages spoken in
Iran and neighboring countries
form a separate group from Indic.
• The major Iranian group languages
include Persian (sometimes
called Farsi) in Iran, Pashtan
in eastern Afghanistan and
western Pakistan, and
Kurdish, used by the Kurds
of western Iran, northern Iraq, and
eastern Turkey.
• These languages are written in the
Arabic (Quran) alphabet

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46
Q

Balto-Slavic Branch

A

-East Slavic and West Slavic

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47
Q

East Slavic

A
  • Part of Balto-Slavic branch

- Most widely used language is Russian

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48
Q

Why is Russian most important East Slavic language

A
  • Soviet Union forced native speakers of other languages to learn Russian
  • Eastern European countries dominated by Russian were taught Russian as a secondary language
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49
Q

West Slavic

A

-Part of Balto-Clavic branch

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50
Q

What is most important West Slavic langauge

A

-Polish

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51
Q

Romance branch

A

-Evolved from the latin Language
-The four most contemporary Romance languages are: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian
-• Spoken primarily in Southwestern Europe
and Latin America
-Regions where spoken languages tend to
correspond to the political boundaries of Spain,
Portugal, France, and Italy

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52
Q

What three European people originally came together to form English

A
  • Angles (From south Denmark)
  • Jutes (From north Denmark)
  • Saxons (From northwest Germany)
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53
Q

What two subsequent invasions added additional words evolving English

A

-German invasion and Norman invasion

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54
Q

How did Latin Languages diffuse in europe and what happened to the native languages

A 
Roman armies
 brought the
Latin language with them and
the languages spoken by the
natives of the provinces were
either extinguished or
suppressed. 
-Latin used in each province
was based on that spoken by
the Roman army at the time
of occupation.
• Each province also integrated
words spoken in the area.
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55
Q

Vulgar Latin

A

From the latin word referring to “the masses: of the populace
-The commons

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56
Q

What is the name of the (theoretical) common ancestral language of all languages discussed in this key issue of the chapter

A

Proto-Indo-European

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57
Q

Why is proto-Indo-European existence difficult (impossible) to prove

A

It would have existed thousands of years before the invention of writing or recorded history

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58
Q

What are the two views of the origin of proto-Indo-European

A

Kurgan Theory/Nomadic Warrior

-Renfrew Hypothesis/ Sedentary Farmer

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59
Q

Nomadic warrior/Kurgan theory

A

Researcher: Marija Gimbutas
First speakers: Kurgan People
Hearth: Steppes near the border between present day Russia and Kazakhstan
How did it spread: Migrated in search of grasslands for their animals- took them west, east, southwest
-Used their domesticated horses as weapons and conquered much of Europe and South Asia

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60
Q

Renfrew Hypothesis/Sedentary farmer

A

Researcher: Colin Renfrew
First Speakers: Lived 2,000 years before the Kurgans in Eastern Anatolia
Hearth: Part of present-day Turkey
How this language spread: Diffused from Anatolia westward to Greece and then more West to Italy, Sicily, Corsica, the mediterranean coast of France, Spain, Portugal and then north to northern France and onto the British Isles
-Diffused through agricultural practice and the speakers were more numerous and prosperous

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61
Q

What are dialects and what are they distinguished by

A 
-Regional variations of a language
Distinguished by:
-Distinctive vocabulary
-Spelling
-Pronunciation
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62
Q

What is an isogloss

A

The word usage boundary

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63
Q

What is a standard language

A

Well establish and widely recognized as the most acceptable dialect for government, business, education, and mass communication
-Britans is Recieved Pronunciation

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64
Q

What is the standard language for England

A

Recieved pronunciated or RP

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65
Q

Where did received pronunciation come from

A
  • London
  • Cambridge
  • Oxford
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66
Q

How was received pronunciation diffused throughout Britain

A

-Printing press- Grammar books and dictionaries that were taught in school

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67
Q

Why is American English different from that spoken in England

A

Isolation
-New objects in America that weren’t present in England
-Climate and geography differ
-Spelling (Noah Webster of Webster dictionary sought to make e English used in America distinct from
England to reduce cultural dependence by changing spellings
of words in his dictionary.
-Pronunciation differed

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68
Q

Why don’t people in the United States speak proper English

A

When colonists left England “proper” english was not what it is today. Few colonists were from the English upper class

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69
Q

Why is that nearly 90% of Spanish and Portuguese live outside of Europe

A
  • Colonization

- Spanish and Portuguese colonized a lot

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70
Q

What is a creolized language

A

A language that results from the mixing of the colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

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71
Q

What is a multilingual state

A

A state that contains two or more languages

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72
Q

Belgium as a multilingual state

A

Southern Belgians (Walloons) speak French.
• Northern Belgians (Flemings) speak Flemish.
Pressure from Flemish speakers led to the division of Belgium into
two independent regions with each controlling
their own cultural affairs, public health, road construction, and
urban development.
• Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by
economic and political differences. Historically, Flemings
dominated Belgians economy and politics, and French
is the official state language
-If they broke into two separate countries Flemmings have Belgium so they would be one of the richest counties and Walloons one of the poorest

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73
Q

Switzerland as a multilingual country

A

-Peaceful
-Switzerland attributes success to
decentralized government, in
which local authorities hold most of the
power, and decisions are frequently
made on a local level by voter referenda.
• Four official languages—
German (65%), French (18%), Italian
(10%), and Romansh (1%)

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74
Q

Nigeria as a multilingual state

A
  • Unpeaceful
  • 527 languages
  • Main: hausa, Yoruba, Igbo
  • Southern Igbos tried to leave Nigeria
  • Northerns claim Yorubas discriminate against them
  • Nigeria moved capital into center of country to be fair
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75
Q

What is an isolated language and how do they arise

A

An isolated language is one unrelated to any other and therefore
not attached to any language family.
• Arise from lack of interaction with speakers of other languages.

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76
Q

Basque

A

-Isolated language in Europe
Only language currently spoken that survives since the period
before the arrival of Indo-European speakers.
• First language of 666,000 people in the Pyrenees Mountains of
northern Spain and southwestern France.
• Mountain chain serving as a natural barrier to diffusion helped
them preserve their language.

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77
Q

Icelandic

A
  • Isolated language

- Language has changed less than any other Germanic language

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78
Q

Lingua franca

A

A language of international communication

  • English
  • Swahili in East Africa
  • Hindi in south Asia
  • Indonesian in Southeast Asia
  • Russia in former soviet Union
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79
Q

Pidgin language

A 
A form of
speech that adopts a
simplified  grammar
and limited vocabulary of a
lingua franca
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80
Q

How has expansion diffusion occured with English

A

English is changing through diffusion of new vocabulary, spelling, and
pronunciation.
2. English words are fusing with other languages.
• Ex. Words, such as cowboy, hamburger, jeans, and
T-shirt were allowed to diffuse into French.
• Ex. English words have spurred the creation of English-like words to replace traditional
Spanish words, such as parquin (Spanglish) for estacionamiento (Spanish)

• Unlike most examples of expansion diffusion, English has been a bottom-
to-top approach with percolated from common usage rather than

brought by the elite

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81
Q

Examples of english expansion diffusion

A
  • Spanglish- Converting eng words to spanish forms. People use Spanglish widespread- pop culture, serious lit writers. regarded as enriching Spanish and English
  • Franglais- French think it destroys French’s purity French language academy tries to discourage use of Eng words. French used to be lingua franca
  • Denglish- Eng mixed into German. Companies use eng slogans for advertising. Use happy birthday in eng bc better sounding.
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82
Q

Does the US have an official language and why or why not

A

No constitution says free speech and debate affects access to jobs, education, social services

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83
Q

How is the French langauge important in Canada

A

•Québec government has made the use of French
mandatory in many daily activities.
•Québec faces challenges integrating a large
number of immigrants from Europe,
Asia, and Latin America who don’t speak
French.
•Immigrants prefer to use English as the lingua franca
because of its greater global usage. Can speak eng but not french, and have to learn and are discriminated against bc their accents
-Majority of French Speakers in Quebec, (very poor area), economic and political activities are dominated by eng speakers and separation has barely been stopped
-

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84
Q

Why is much of the internet in English and why is it a problem

A
  • America invented the internet and most use was American
  • Domain namer makes non-American websites have .uk or .jp instead of regular .com
  • U.S. countries provide search engines for users everywhere.
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85
Q

Whats a universalizing religion

A
  • attempt to be global by appealing to all
    people regardless of location or culture.
    -Tries to appeal to all people
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86
Q

What is an ethnic religion

A
  • Appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place
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87
Q

What are the top five largest universalizing religions

A
  1. Christianity
  2. Islam
  3. Buddhists
  4. Sikhism
  5. Baha i
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88
Q

What are the top 4 ethnic religions

A
  1. Hindusim
  2. Chinese
  3. Asian-primal-indigenous (300 mil)
  4. African traditional religions
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89
Q

Who is included and what percent are in the non-religous categories and what are they

A

16% of world’s population are Atheists or agnostics.
• Atheism is the least that God does exist.
• Agnosticism is belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists

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90
Q

What religion is dominant in Latin America

A

Roman Catholic

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91
Q

What religion is dominant in Europe/North America

A

Roman Catholic mainly and some protestant

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92
Q

What religion is dominant in Central Asia/ Southwest Asia and North Africa

A

Sunni, Shiite (Iran) both are muslim

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93
Q

What religion is dominant in East Asia

A

Buddhist

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94
Q

What religion is dominant in South Asia

A

Hindu (India) Sunni/ Muslim (Afganistan and Pakistan)

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95
Q

What religion is dominant in Southeat Asia

A

Buddhism (south of China) and Sunni/muslim (islands)

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96
Q

What religion is dominant in Sub- Saharan Africa

A

Diverse

-Africa, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Sunni, Easter Orthodox

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97
Q

What does Christianity have the most of

A

Adherents and widespread distribution

98
Q

Percent of the Christian population that is Roman Catholic

A

51%

99
Q

Percent of the Christian population that is Protestant

A

24%

100
Q

Percent of the Christian population that is Orthodox

A

11%

101
Q

Percent of the Christian population that does not belong to any

A

14%

102
Q

What percent of European Christians are Orthodox and where is Eastern Orthodoxy distributed

A
  • 22%

- Eastern Europe and middle East

103
Q

What percentage of Latin American Christians are Catholic

A

93%

104
Q

Where is Mainline protestant mostly

A

82 mil members

-Midwestern Belt

105
Q

Where is Lutheran mostly

A

North

106
Q

Where is Southern Baptist moslty

A

South

107
Q

Where is mormon mostly

A

Utah

108
Q

Where is Roman catholic mostly

A

-All over the U.S. exept southeast and north midwest

109
Q

Where does Islam mostly

A
  • Central Asia
  • Southwest Asia/North Africa
  • Indonesia
  • Pakistan
  • Bangladesh
  • India
110
Q

Give the percentage of each of Islam’s two greatest Branches
Sunni and Shiite (Shia)

A

Sunni: 83%
Shiite: 16%

111
Q

Only in four countries do Shiite Muslims number more than Sunni. What are they?

A
  • Iran
  • Azerbaijan
  • Iraq
  • Oman
  • Bahrain
112
Q

What country in Europe has the most Muslims and why

A

France, there was a lot of immigration from predominantly muslim former colonies in Northern Africa

113
Q

Where is Buddhism primarily clustered

A

East Asia and Southeast Asia

114
Q

What are the three branches of Buddhism

A
  • Mahayana
  • Theravadan
  • Vajrayana
115
Q

-Mahayana % of Buddhist population and regions of predominance

A
  • 56%

- China, Japan, Korea

116
Q

-Theravada % of Buddhist population and regions of predominance

A

-38%

Located primarily in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailan

117
Q

Shiite

A

• Greatly concentrated in the Middle Eastern countries of
Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Oman, and Bahrain
• 16 percent of all Muslims

118
Q

-Vajrayana % of Buddhist population and regions of predominance

A

6 percent of Buddhists

• Located primarily in Tibet and Mongolia

119
Q

Why are Buddhists difficult to count

A
  • Only a few people participate in Buddhist institutions

- Buddhism allows people to believe in more than one religion

120
Q

How is buddhism different from other religious systems

A

-Buddhism allows people in other religions to believe in other religions at the same time

121
Q

Sikhism location and founders and some beliefs

A
  • Punjab region of India Baha is mostly also African and Asian
  • Nanak
  • God is the only one perfect but ppl can continue to strive to b perfect
122
Q

Baha’i location and founders and some beliefs

A

Shiraz, Iran

  • Syyid Ali Muhammad
  • -Universal faith through abolition of racial class, religion prejudices
123
Q

Where are Hindus concentrated and what percent

A
  • India and Nepal

- 90%

124
Q

What does it mean for a relgion to be syncretic

A
  • They combine several traditions

- Chinese traditional religion

125
Q

Chinese traditional religion is a combination of what religions/philosphies

A
  • Buddhism
  • Confucianism
  • Taoism
  • Other
126
Q

The ideas of Confucianism

A

Correct behavior ethicial principal for the orderly conduct of daily life

127
Q

The ideas of Taoism

A

The way or the path- not everything is knowable

128
Q

Where fo Primal-Indigenous followers live

A

Southeast Asia or South Pacific Islands

129
Q

Where do Primal-Indigenous followers live

A

Southeast Asia or South Pacific Islands

130
Q

What is shamanism

A

Invisible forces or spirits affect the lives of the living

131
Q

What is pagansim

A

Refers to beliefs that originated with religions that predated Christianity and Islam

132
Q

What is Juchte and where is it practiced

A
  • “Self reliance”
  • Government idealogy of philosophy
  • North Korea
133
Q

What do animists belive

A

-Is an ethnic religion whose followers believe that inanimate objects or natural events, such as natural disasters, have spirits and conscious life.
• 100 million Africans adhere to animism

134
Q

What percentage of Africans follow African traditional beliefs

A

12%

135
Q

Spiritism: what is it and where is it and where is it practiced

A
  • The belief that the human personality continues to exist after death and can communicate with the living through the agency of a medium or physic
  • Brazil
136
Q

Where do Jews live

A

2/5 United States

2/5 Israel

137
Q

What is special about Judaism

A

First recorded religion to espouse monotheism, belief that there is only one God.
• Contrasts polytheism- the worship of a collection of gods.
-Christianity and Islam find some of their roots in Judaism.

138
Q

Universalizing religions vs ethnic origins

A

-Precise vs unclear

139
Q

Buddhism year of origin, founder, place of origin, dif between branches

A

-~ 2,500 years ago
-Siddhartha Guatemata
-India
Thervada (Full time buddhist)

Mahayana- Buddha’s compassion. Less demanding than Thervada

Vajrayana- Rituals

140
Q

Christianity year of origin, founder, place of origin, dif between branches

A
  • ~2,000 years ago
  • Based on teachings of Jesus
  • Palestine/Israel

Roman catholic- Accept teachings of the bible and Pope as leader

Orthodox- East roman empire. Accept the 7 sacraments, but reject newer documents

Protestant- Salvation through faith alone and not bible

141
Q

Israel year of origin, founder, place of origin, dif between branches

A
  • ~1,500 years ago
  • Prophet Muhammad
  • Makkah (Mecca) located in present day Saudi Arabia
  • Shiites (Iran) and Sunnis (North Africa, Southeast Asia, Southwest Europe)- disagreement on line of succession in Islam
142
Q

What is Buddhism 4 Noble truths

A
  • All living thing suffer
  • Suffering is caused by desire to live and leads to reincarnation
  • Goal of life is to escape suffering and reach Nirvana (redemption) through moral and self purification
  • Nirvana is attained through the eight fold path: rightness of belief, resolve etc
143
Q

Who possesses universal authority in Roman Catholic branch

A

The pope

144
Q

What caused the split between the Roman and Eastern churches

A

-Rivalry btwn Pope of Rome and Patriachy of Constantinople, which was v. Intense after the Roman empire collapse. Pope condemmed the Patriach of Constantinople

145
Q

What are the 5 pillars of faith

A
  1. Shahadah- recite there is only one god and muhammaed is the messenger
  2. Salat- pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
  3. Generosity
  4. Sawn of ramadam- fast during ramadam
  5. Hajj- pilgrimmage to Mecca if u can
146
Q

Role of prophet Muhammad in the creation of Islam in two sentences

A

God revealed to him the truth, he preached it, emigrated to yathib (bc God said so), marks beginning of Muslim Calendar, muhammad returned to Mecca and established Islam as cities religion. By his death it had spread through Saudi Arabia
-Quran is record of god’s words reveal to phrophet Muhammed through Gabriel

147
Q

What is the cause of the split between the Shiite and Sunni Muslims

A

-Disagreement over the line of sucession in the Islamic leadership

148
Q

What two ancient peoples beliefs blended to form Hinduism

A
  • Aryan

- Dravidians

149
Q

How is Hinduism differnt than the universalizing religions

A

-Large, but Ethnic

150
Q

Through what types of diffusion did Christianity spread

A

Relocation

Contagious (Hierarchial and contagious)

151
Q

How is Christianity an example of hierarchial diffusion

A

Emperor Constantine helped diffuse the religion throughout the
Roman Empire by embracing Christianity.
-Elite kings converting subjects
-Spanish and protuguese spread to Latin America

152
Q

How did relocation diffusion contribute to the spread of christianity

A
  • Missionaries diffused it along the protected sea routes and the excellent Roman Roads
  • Paul first in relocation
153
Q

How did contagious diffusion contribute to the spread of Christianity

A
  • Migration and missionary activity
  • Permenant resettlement of Europeans (contact between belivers and non believers)
  • Inter marriage
154
Q

How had migration affected the distribution of Christian branches: Canada

A
  • Early colonists came primarily from Protestant England
  • Regions in the U.S. and Canada are Roman Catholic bc immigration from RC countries
  • Mexico and other Larin America immigration concentrated RC in southwest
155
Q

How had migration affected the distribution of Christian branches: Salt Lake Valley, Utah

A

-Mormon migrated from Fayette NY, to SLV, Utah, bc looking for religious freedom so a lot of mormons in Salt Lake

156
Q

How had migration affected the distribution of Christian branches: Quebec

A

_French settlement and immigration made predominant in RC Quebec

157
Q

How did Islam spread to Indonesia

A

Arab traders brough the religion there

158
Q

How did trade routes play a role in the spread of Buddhism

A
  • Merchants along the trading routes from North eastern India Introduced Buddhism to China
  • Spread Buddhism
159
Q

In the 4th century, Buddhism spread from where to where

A

From china to Korea and then two centuries later to Japan

160
Q

What was the dispora

A

-When Romans forced the Jews that lived int he Eastern mediterranean to disperse throughout the world in an action called dispora

161
Q

What is the origin of the term ghetto

A
  • Jews persecuted
  • Jews of many European countries were forced to live in ghettos- city neighborhoods set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews
162
Q

How were most Jews treated as they lived among other nationalities

A
  • Badly

- Holocaust-> massacre

163
Q

How did English become widely diffused

A
  • Pop culture
  • Internet
  • Colonization
  • Internet
164
Q

When and why did English diffuse to North America

A
  • Colonization

- 17th century

165
Q

People from all three eastern regions (New England, Southeastern, Midlands) migrated into the Midwest, Great Plains, and Western United States. Why are there relativly uniform of English dialect across this enormous state

A

-Most if thus area where from the milands and everyone adapted to that dialect

166
Q

Why is it difficult to distinguish individual languages from dialects

A

Its hard because sometimes a langauge had been identified as a dialect until they develop independence and it is classified as a language

167
Q

Basque

A

Isolated language

168
Q

Icelandic

A

Related to other languages, but has changed less than any other language in 1,000 years

169
Q

Koro aka

A

In danger of being extinct

170
Q

Native American

A

Extinct

171
Q

Hebrew

A

Revived through the the Bible

172
Q

Celtic (Welsh, Irish, Breton, Scottish, Cornish)

A

Welsh: dominant in wales
Irish: Being preseved
Cornish: revived language, hard to know exactly how to pronounce words

173
Q

Austrailia

A
  • Government is not trying to preserve it

- Endangered language

174
Q

New Zealand

A

-Endangered

175
Q

Occitan

A

-trying to preserve language

176
Q

Why is much of the internet in English? Why might this be problematic

A
  • America had mos tof the shares, it is the lingua france, America control a lot of global trade, you have to speak English
  • Problematic bc if you don’t know english, you don’t engage in global community eng speakers don’t engage with other speakers
177
Q
  1. Ethnic Religion
A

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principals are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated

178
Q
  1. Universalizing Religion
A

A religion that attemps to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location

179
Q
  1. Atheism
A

Belief that God does ot exist

180
Q
  1. Agnosticism
A

Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists

181
Q
  1. Animism
A

Belief that objects, such as pants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life

182
Q
  1. Cosmogony
A

A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe

183
Q
  1. Autonomous religion
A

A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates manually

184
Q
  1. Hierarchical religion
A

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

185
Q
  1. Missionary
A

An individual who helps diffuse a universalizaing religion

186
Q
  1. Pagan
A

A follower of a polytheistic religion

187
Q
  1. Syncretic
A

A religion that combines several traditions

188
Q
  1. Diaspora
A

The dispersion of Jews beyond Israel

189
Q
  1. Pilgrimage
A

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes

190
Q
  1. Ghetto
A

During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure

191
Q

15.Monotheism

A

The doctrine of or belief in the existence of only one God

192
Q
  1. Polytheism
A

Belief in or worship or more than one god

193
Q
  1. Fundamentalism
A

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomnation, or sect)

194
Q

Hearth

A

Origin of a religion

195
Q

Founders

A

The person who created the religion

196
Q

Diffusion

A

How the religion diffused to different places

197
Q

What object thing is important to christianity

A

Church

198
Q

Why is church prominant in Christianity

A

It is an expression of of religious principals, an environment in the image of God
-Collective worship

199
Q

Why do many christian churches vary in architectural and construction style

A

-Christianity split into many denominators and shows denomination and religious architectual heritage

200
Q

Typical features of a mosque

A
  • Organized around central courtyard
  • Minaret- tower where men (Muessin) summons people to worship
  • Around courtyard is cloister used for school and nonreligious activities
201
Q

What is a synagogue used for

A

Judaism

202
Q

IN what shape are Baha’i Houses or Worship built

A

Nature

203
Q

What is the religious purpose of a Buddist pagoda

A
  • NOT for congressional worship

- Individual prayer or meditation is more likely to be undertaken

204
Q

How are pagodas evidence of Buddhism’s diffusion

A

Pagodas contain relics that Buddhists believe to be a portion of Buddha’s body or clothing
-Followers got the relics and carried them to other countries and built pagodas for them

205
Q

Formal worship in a pagoda is not typical. Where does it usually take place

A

At an adjacetn temple, a remote monestary or in a home

206
Q

What is a pilgrammage

A

A journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred
-Hindus and muslims especially encouraged

207
Q

Buddhism holy sites

A

Locations of important events in Buddhas life

-India and Nepal

208
Q

Islam holy sites

A
  • Associated with the life of muhammad

- Mecca, etc

209
Q

Hinduism holy sites

A

Ethnic religion, tied to landscape

  • Riverbanks and coastlines -> achieve purification by visiting the,
  • Mountains- visit bc Siva lives there
210
Q

Cosmogony and examples

A

-Religious beleifs concerning the origin of the universe
-Confucianism/Taoism- Universe made of Yin and Yang that exist in everything
-Chrisitianity/ Islam- God created the universe and ppl etc
Christianity- Humans finish task of creation

211
Q

How has christian burial practicies changed of time

A

From catacombs to cemetaries

212
Q

Hindus burial

A

Cremation

213
Q

Parsis burial

A

-Strip away unclean portions expose body to scavengers

214
Q

Micronesia burial

A

Water burial (protect against being comtaminated by the dead)

215
Q

Utopian settlements

A
  • Ideal community built around religious way of like

- Many die out bc they are celebate and no newcomers

216
Q

Salt Lake city, Utah

A
  • Mormon

- Church buildings situated at strategic pts

217
Q

Puritans religious settlements

A

-New england settlers that migrated together from new england prefer to live together

218
Q

Most important feautre of a calendar of an ethnic religion

A
  • More clustered distribution

- Holidays based on physical geography of homeland

219
Q

Most important feautre of a calendar of an universalizing religion

A

-Holidays related to events in the life of the founder rather than the changing of seasons in one particular place

220
Q

How is the Jewish calendar typical of the ethnic use of the calendar

A

-Major holidays are based on events in the agricultural calendar of the religious homeland in Israel

221
Q

Jewish and Muslim use a lunar calendar, but differently explain

A

Jewish- inserts and extra month every few years to match the agricultural solar calendar
Islam- strict lunar calendar

222
Q

Why do Christian branches celebrate Easter on different days

A

Protestant and RC get from Gegorian Calendar and Orthodox from Julian

223
Q

Hierarchial religion def

A

Has a well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local admisitratures

224
Q

Hierarchial religions example

A

-Roman catholic (pope, archbishop, bishop, priest)
-Momons (broken up into wards)
ppl divided into sections that work together to do services

225
Q

Automonous religions and examples

A
  • Self-sufficient
  • Interaction in communities is confined to little communication
  • Islamd and Protestant denominations
  • Islam doesn’t have organized territories
  • Baptist- self governing congregation (united church of christ)
226
Q

What is religious fundamentalism

A

A literal interpretation and strict adhereance to basic principals of a religion

227
Q

How did Taliban gov’t raise conflict w/ western/modern ideas after it took power

A
  • Banned western leisure activites
  • Soccer stadiums turned into execution and flogging place
  • men beaten for shaving beards and women stoned for adultry
  • Homosexuals buried alive and prostitutes hanged
  • Theievs hands cut off and womens fingers if they have nail polish
228
Q

What aspect of hinduism clashed w/ western/modern ideas

A

Caste system

229
Q

What western groups critzed caste esystem and why

A

British administrators and christian missionaries

- Neglect of the lower classes’ health and economic problesm

230
Q

How did the Indian government responded to the issue with the caste system

A

-Classified the historically discriminated castes as “schedules castes” and are often called the Dalit

231
Q

How did the Soviet Union communist gov’t attempt to limit the influence of religion

A
  • Eliminated church-state connection, church property can only be used w/ gov’t permisison
  • bc young ppl aren’t going to services often, they forget about the religion
232
Q

How were the communist regimes detrimetal to buddhism in Southeast asia

A
  • Communists ad others vandalized shrines

- Communists permitted the monuments to decay-> angle or wat the countries don’t have enough money to restore it

233
Q

What two religiouse groups are in conflict in Ireland

A

Roman Catholics and Protestants

234
Q

Why is Ireland split between two countries

A

Norhtern countries wanted tobe part of the mostly protestant UK rather than the Roman catholic ireland

235
Q

What three religions are in constant conflict over the land in the Middle East

A

Jews, Christians, Muslims

236
Q

What was the military campaign by christians to recapture their holy land from the muslims

A

Crusaes- they kept regaining and losing the holy land

237
Q

How did WWI and WWII shape control and policy in the Palestine region

A
  • Ottoman empire lost it to the League of Nations and later the UN in WWI
  • After WWII, jewish and muslim settlers got more violent
  • They made Jerusalem to be an international city, open to all religions, run by the united nations
238
Q

Islam’s Jerusalem

A
  • Conquered this land in the past
  • 3rd holiest Muslim city
  • Where Muhammad ascended into heaven
239
Q

Judaism’s Jerusalem

A

-Special claim to the territory it calls the promised land where major events in the development of the religion occurred

240
Q

Palestinian perspective

A
  • Muslim
  • Been there before the UN partician
  • UN partician- given West Bank and Gaza
  • Israelis are moving into the West banks, so they are angry
  • Israeli settlements moving into their territory
241
Q

Israeli perspective

A
  • Jewish
  • Wanted sage place and were given that land because of claim from ancestors and given the state of Israel by the UN
  • Have settlements in West Bank because they can and they claim the whole state as theirs

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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