Unit 5/6 Flashcards
1
Q
Lingua Franca-
A
a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages EX: English, Mandarin, French, Spanish
2
Q
Pidgin language-
A
a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua Franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages. EX: I learn a simplified French in
school
3
Q
Isogloss-
A
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate. EX: French is
spoken in France, but not Spain
4
Q
Creole-
A
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizers language with the indigenous language of the
people being dominated.
5
Q
Dialect-
A
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. EX:
Shanghainese
6
Q
Isolated language-
A
language- A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family
EX: Basque: isolated by mountains, so no influence of other languages
7
Q
Language branch:
A
A collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family
EX: west germanic branch and romance language branch
8
Q
Language family:
A
a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. EX: Indo-european and Sino-Tibetan
9
Q
Language group:
A
A collection of languages within a family that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.EX: French and Spanish
10
Q
Language tree order:
A
Family, branch, group
11
Q
Official language-
A
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication
of documents EX: English in Britain
12
Q
Extinct language-
A
A language that was once used by people in daily activities, but is no longer used
EX: Hebrew was extinct and then it was revived
13
Q
Logogram-
A
A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound. EX: Chinese writing
14
Q
Received Pronunciation (RP)-
A
The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom
15
Q
Franglais-
A
A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of français and Anglais, the French words for French and English.
16
Q
Spanglish-
A
a combination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans. EX- tortilla
17
Q
Vulgar Latin-
A
a form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents
18
Q
Marija Gimbutas-
A
Creator of Normadic warrior hypothesis as to where Proto-Indo-European originated and how it spread. The Kurgan people near Russia and Kazakhstan who were nod amid herders that migrated in search of grassland for their animals which took them west towards and through Europe, east to Siberia, southeast to Iran and South Asian. The Kurgan warriors used their domesticated horses (they were one of the first people to domesticate horses and cattle) as weapons and conquered much of Europe and South Asia.
19
Q
Colin Renfrew-
A
Creator of sedentary farmer hypothesis as to where Proto-Indo-European originated and how it spread. Argued the originators lived 2,000 years before the Kurgans in eastern Anatolia (part of Turkey). Biologist Russel D. Gray supports this, but says the first people were from even earlier. Renfrew believed they diffused west to Greece (origin of Greek language branch) and then to Italy, Sicily, Corsica, and Mediterranean coast of France, Spain, and Portugal (the origin of the Romance language branch) and then northward toward central and northern France and on to the British Isles (Possibly origin of Celtic branch). Then north from Greece toward Romania and west to Central Europe etc. Renfrew argues that Indo-European diffused into Europe and South Asia along with agricultural practices rather than military conquest. The language triumphed because its speakers became more numerous and prosperous by growing their own food instead of relying on hunting.
20
Q
Indo-European-
A
the most widely used language family. European and Languages include: Spanish,
French, Protuguese, Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, English, German, Urdu, Hindi and many more.
Predominate language family in Europe, South Asia, North America and Latin America. Ex: English is an indo-European language
21
Q
Sino-Tibetan:
A
Encompasses languages spoken in the People’s Republic of China and several smaller countries in Southeast Asia. There is no single Chinese language and Mandarin
is the most used language worldwide.
22
Q
Linguistics
A
the scientific study of language and its structure
23
Q
Loan words
A
a word adopted from a foreign language with little or no modification
24
Q
Ethnologue
A
A reference source that provides information about languages like how many there are, which are extinct, etc
25
Language def
A system of communication through speech, a
collection of sounds that a group of people
understands to have the same meaning
26
Literary tradition
A system of written communication
27
Difference between language and literary tradition
Language is spoken and literary tradition is written
28
Do all cultures have Both a language and literary tradition
No, hundreds lack a literary tradition
29
There are 6909 languages spoken around the world. How many of these are spoken by less than 1 million people
6524
30
What is an official language and do all countries have one
Countries use this/these languages for official documents and public objects—e.g.,
road signs and money.
-Not all countries have an official language
31
Language family
Collection of languages
| related through a common ancestral language
32
Language branches
Collection of languages
within a family related through a common ancestral
language. Differences are not as significant or as old as
between families.
33
Language groups
Collection of languages
within a branch that share a common origin in the
relatively recent past and display similar grammar and
vocabulary.
34
Language tree order
- Family
- Branch
- Group
35
Two thirds of the people in the world speak a language that belongs to what two branches
_Indo-European
| -Sino-Tibetan
36
Indo european: Number of speakers, where spoken, common languages, other important
Number of speakers: 100+ million
Where: North america, Eurasia, South Asia, South America, Austrailia
Common languages: English, French, Spanish, German
Other: Predominate language family in Europe, South Asia, North America
and Latin America
37
Sino-Tibetan: Number of speakers, where spoken, common languages, other important
Number: 100 + mil
Where: China, Tawiwan, Southeast Asian
Common language: Mandarin and Cantonese
Other: Use logograms to write. Encompasses languages spoken in the People’s Republic of China
and several smaller countries in Southeast Asia.
• No single Chinese language
• Mandarin is the most-used language in the world and the official language of
both the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan.
38
Germanic branch
- Divided into West and North Germanic groups
- Spoken mostly in Northwestern Europe and north America
- English and German are both in the west germanic group
39
West Germanic group
-Divided into high and low Germanic based on elevation
40
High Germanic
-A part of the West Germanic group and Germanic branch
| -
41
North Germanic group
```
A part of the Germanic branch
-All are Scandanavian
-All derived from old Norse
-All languages emerged because migration and political arrangement of countries
- Swedish
-Danish
Norweigan
-Icelandic
```
42
Low germanic
-A part of West Germaic group and Germanic branch
-Creates English
-
-Dialect of German spoken in Northern lowlands of Germany
43
Indo-Iranian branch
```
• Spoken primarily in
South Asia (India)
• Most speakers of the
language branch
• Subdivided into eastern
group (Indic) and
western group
(Iranian)
```
44
Indic group
- Part of Indo-Iranian branch
- Hindi (Indian)
- Can be regarded as a collection of many individual langauges, but there is only one official way to write Hindi (Devonagari)
- Urdu (Spoken like Hindi, bu t written with Arabian alphabet, bc Urdu is the principal language of Pakistan and they are Muslims and the Quran is written in Arabic
45
Iranian (Western) Group
-Part of Indo-Iranian branch
-• Indo-Iranian languages spoken in
Iran and neighboring countries
form a separate group from Indic.
• The major Iranian group languages
include Persian (sometimes
called Farsi) in Iran, Pashtan
in eastern Afghanistan and
western Pakistan, and
Kurdish, used by the Kurds
of western Iran, northern Iraq, and
eastern Turkey.
• These languages are written in the
Arabic (Quran) alphabet
46
Balto-Slavic Branch
-East Slavic and West Slavic
47
East Slavic
- Part of Balto-Slavic branch
| - Most widely used language is Russian
48
Why is Russian most important East Slavic language
- Soviet Union forced native speakers of other languages to learn Russian
- Eastern European countries dominated by Russian were taught Russian as a secondary language
49
West Slavic
-Part of Balto-Clavic branch
50
What is most important West Slavic langauge
-Polish
51
Romance branch
-Evolved from the latin Language
-The four most contemporary Romance languages are: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian
-• Spoken primarily in Southwestern Europe
and Latin America
-Regions where spoken languages tend to
correspond to the political boundaries of Spain,
Portugal, France, and Italy
52
What three European people originally came together to form English
- Angles (From south Denmark)
- Jutes (From north Denmark)
- Saxons (From northwest Germany)
53
What two subsequent invasions added additional words evolving English
-German invasion and Norman invasion
54
How did Latin Languages diffuse in europe and what happened to the native languages
```
Roman armies
brought the
Latin language with them and
the languages spoken by the
natives of the provinces were
either extinguished or
suppressed.
-Latin used in each province
was based on that spoken by
the Roman army at the time
of occupation.
• Each province also integrated
words spoken in the area.
```
55
Vulgar Latin
From the latin word referring to "the masses: of the populace
-The commons
56
What is the name of the (theoretical) common ancestral language of all languages discussed in this key issue of the chapter
Proto-Indo-European
57
Why is proto-Indo-European existence difficult (impossible) to prove
It would have existed thousands of years before the invention of writing or recorded history
58
What are the two views of the origin of proto-Indo-European
Kurgan Theory/Nomadic Warrior
| -Renfrew Hypothesis/ Sedentary Farmer
59
Nomadic warrior/Kurgan theory
Researcher: Marija Gimbutas
First speakers: Kurgan People
Hearth: Steppes near the border between present day Russia and Kazakhstan
How did it spread: Migrated in search of grasslands for their animals- took them west, east, southwest
-Used their domesticated horses as weapons and conquered much of Europe and South Asia
60
Renfrew Hypothesis/Sedentary farmer
Researcher: Colin Renfrew
First Speakers: Lived 2,000 years before the Kurgans in Eastern Anatolia
Hearth: Part of present-day Turkey
How this language spread: Diffused from Anatolia westward to Greece and then more West to Italy, Sicily, Corsica, the mediterranean coast of France, Spain, Portugal and then north to northern France and onto the British Isles
-Diffused through agricultural practice and the speakers were more numerous and prosperous
61
What are dialects and what are they distinguished by
```
-Regional variations of a language
Distinguished by:
-Distinctive vocabulary
-Spelling
-Pronunciation
```
62
What is an isogloss
The word usage boundary
63
What is a standard language
Well establish and widely recognized as the most acceptable dialect for government, business, education, and mass communication
-Britans is Recieved Pronunciation
64
What is the standard language for England
Recieved pronunciated or RP
65
Where did received pronunciation come from
- London
- Cambridge
- Oxford
66
How was received pronunciation diffused throughout Britain
-Printing press- Grammar books and dictionaries that were taught in school
67
Why is American English different from that spoken in England
Isolation
-New objects in America that weren't present in England
-Climate and geography differ
-Spelling (Noah Webster of Webster dictionary sought to make e English used in America distinct from
England to reduce cultural dependence by changing spellings
of words in his dictionary.
-Pronunciation differed
68
Why don't people in the United States speak proper English
When colonists left England "proper" english was not what it is today. Few colonists were from the English upper class
69
Why is that nearly 90% of Spanish and Portuguese live outside of Europe
- Colonization
| - Spanish and Portuguese colonized a lot
70
What is a creolized language
A language that results from the mixing of the colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
71
What is a multilingual state
A state that contains two or more languages
72
Belgium as a multilingual state
Southern Belgians (Walloons) speak French.
• Northern Belgians (Flemings) speak Flemish.
Pressure from Flemish speakers led to the division of Belgium into
two independent regions with each controlling
their own cultural affairs, public health, road construction, and
urban development.
• Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by
economic and political differences. Historically, Flemings
dominated Belgians economy and politics, and French
is the official state language
-If they broke into two separate countries Flemmings have Belgium so they would be one of the richest counties and Walloons one of the poorest
73
Switzerland as a multilingual country
-Peaceful
-Switzerland attributes success to
decentralized government, in
which local authorities hold most of the
power, and decisions are frequently
made on a local level by voter referenda.
• Four official languages—
German (65%), French (18%), Italian
(10%), and Romansh (1%)
74
Nigeria as a multilingual state
- Unpeaceful
- 527 languages
- Main: hausa, Yoruba, Igbo
- Southern Igbos tried to leave Nigeria
- Northerns claim Yorubas discriminate against them
- Nigeria moved capital into center of country to be fair
75
What is an isolated language and how do they arise
An isolated language is one unrelated to any other and therefore
not attached to any language family.
• Arise from lack of interaction with speakers of other languages.
76
Basque
-Isolated language in Europe
Only language currently spoken that survives since the period
before the arrival of Indo-European speakers.
• First language of 666,000 people in the Pyrenees Mountains of
northern Spain and southwestern France.
• Mountain chain serving as a natural barrier to diffusion helped
them preserve their language.
77
Icelandic
- Isolated language
| - Language has changed less than any other Germanic language
78
Lingua franca
A language of international communication
- English
- Swahili in East Africa
- Hindi in south Asia
- Indonesian in Southeast Asia
- Russia in former soviet Union
79
Pidgin language
```
A form of
speech that adopts a
simplified grammar
and limited vocabulary of a
lingua franca
```
80
How has expansion diffusion occured with English
English is changing through diffusion of new vocabulary, spelling, and
pronunciation.
2. English words are fusing with other languages.
• Ex. Words, such as cowboy, hamburger, jeans, and
T-shirt were allowed to diffuse into French.
• Ex. English words have spurred the creation of English-like words to replace traditional
Spanish words, such as parquin (Spanglish) for estacionamiento (Spanish)
• Unlike most examples of expansion diffusion, English has been a bottom-
to-top approach with percolated from common usage rather than
brought by the elite
81
Examples of english expansion diffusion
- Spanglish- Converting eng words to spanish forms. People use Spanglish widespread- pop culture, serious lit writers. regarded as enriching Spanish and English
- Franglais- French think it destroys French's purity French language academy tries to discourage use of Eng words. French used to be lingua franca
- Denglish- Eng mixed into German. Companies use eng slogans for advertising. Use happy birthday in eng bc better sounding.
82
Does the US have an official language and why or why not
No constitution says free speech and debate affects access to jobs, education, social services
83
How is the French langauge important in Canada
•Québec government has made the use of French
mandatory in many daily activities.
•Québec faces challenges integrating a large
number of immigrants from Europe,
Asia, and Latin America who don't speak
French.
•Immigrants prefer to use English as the lingua franca
because of its greater global usage. Can speak eng but not french, and have to learn and are discriminated against bc their accents
-Majority of French Speakers in Quebec, (very poor area), economic and political activities are dominated by eng speakers and separation has barely been stopped
-
84
Why is much of the internet in English and why is it a problem
- America invented the internet and most use was American
- Domain namer makes non-American websites have .uk or .jp instead of regular .com
- U.S. countries provide search engines for users everywhere.
85
Whats a universalizing religion
- attempt to be global by appealing to all
people regardless of location or culture.
-Tries to appeal to all people
86
What is an ethnic religion
- Appeal primarily to one group of people living in one place
87
What are the top five largest universalizing religions
1. Christianity
2. Islam
3. Buddhists
4. Sikhism
5. Baha i
88
What are the top 4 ethnic religions
1. Hindusim
2. Chinese
3. Asian-primal-indigenous (300 mil)
4. African traditional religions
89
Who is included and what percent are in the non-religous categories and what are they
16% of world’s population are Atheists or agnostics.
• Atheism is the least that God does exist.
• Agnosticism is belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists
90
What religion is dominant in Latin America
Roman Catholic
91
What religion is dominant in Europe/North America
Roman Catholic mainly and some protestant
92
What religion is dominant in Central Asia/ Southwest Asia and North Africa
Sunni, Shiite (Iran) both are muslim
93
What religion is dominant in East Asia
Buddhist
94
What religion is dominant in South Asia
Hindu (India) Sunni/ Muslim (Afganistan and Pakistan)
95
What religion is dominant in Southeat Asia
Buddhism (south of China) and Sunni/muslim (islands)
96
What religion is dominant in Sub- Saharan Africa
Diverse
| -Africa, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Sunni, Easter Orthodox
97
What does Christianity have the most of
Adherents and widespread distribution
98
Percent of the Christian population that is Roman Catholic
51%
99
Percent of the Christian population that is Protestant
24%
100
Percent of the Christian population that is Orthodox
11%
101
Percent of the Christian population that does not belong to any
14%
102
What percent of European Christians are Orthodox and where is Eastern Orthodoxy distributed
- 22%
| - Eastern Europe and middle East
103
What percentage of Latin American Christians are Catholic
93%
104
Where is Mainline protestant mostly
82 mil members
| -Midwestern Belt
105
Where is Lutheran mostly
North
106
Where is Southern Baptist moslty
South
107
Where is mormon mostly
Utah
108
Where is Roman catholic mostly
-All over the U.S. exept southeast and north midwest
109
Where does Islam mostly
- Central Asia
- Southwest Asia/North Africa
- Indonesia
- Pakistan
- Bangladesh
- India
110
Give the percentage of each of Islam's two greatest Branches
Sunni and Shiite (Shia)
Sunni: 83%
Shiite: 16%
111
Only in four countries do Shiite Muslims number more than Sunni. What are they?
- Iran
- Azerbaijan
- Iraq
- Oman
- Bahrain
112
What country in Europe has the most Muslims and why
France, there was a lot of immigration from predominantly muslim former colonies in Northern Africa
113
Where is Buddhism primarily clustered
East Asia and Southeast Asia
114
What are the three branches of Buddhism
- Mahayana
- Theravadan
- Vajrayana
115
-Mahayana % of Buddhist population and regions of predominance
- 56%
| - China, Japan, Korea
116
-Theravada % of Buddhist population and regions of predominance
-38%
| Located primarily in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailan
117
Shiite
• Greatly concentrated in the Middle Eastern countries of
Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Oman, and Bahrain
• 16 percent of all Muslims
118
-Vajrayana % of Buddhist population and regions of predominance
6 percent of Buddhists
| • Located primarily in Tibet and Mongolia
119
Why are Buddhists difficult to count
- Only a few people participate in Buddhist institutions
| - Buddhism allows people to believe in more than one religion
120
How is buddhism different from other religious systems
-Buddhism allows people in other religions to believe in other religions at the same time
121
Sikhism location and founders and some beliefs
- Punjab region of India Baha is mostly also African and Asian
- Nanak
- God is the only one perfect but ppl can continue to strive to b perfect
122
Baha'i location and founders and some beliefs
Shiraz, Iran
- Syyid Ali Muhammad
- -Universal faith through abolition of racial class, religion prejudices
123
Where are Hindus concentrated and what percent
- India and Nepal
| - 90%
124
What does it mean for a relgion to be syncretic
- They combine several traditions
| - Chinese traditional religion
125
Chinese traditional religion is a combination of what religions/philosphies
- Buddhism
- Confucianism
- Taoism
- Other
126
The ideas of Confucianism
Correct behavior ethicial principal for the orderly conduct of daily life
127
The ideas of Taoism
The way or the path- not everything is knowable
128
Where fo Primal-Indigenous followers live
Southeast Asia or South Pacific Islands
129
Where do Primal-Indigenous followers live
Southeast Asia or South Pacific Islands
130
What is shamanism
Invisible forces or spirits affect the lives of the living
131
What is pagansim
Refers to beliefs that originated with religions that predated Christianity and Islam
132
What is Juchte and where is it practiced
- "Self reliance"
- Government idealogy of philosophy
- North Korea
133
What do animists belive
-Is an ethnic religion whose followers believe that inanimate objects or natural events, such as natural disasters, have spirits and conscious life.
• 100 million Africans adhere to animism
134
What percentage of Africans follow African traditional beliefs
12%
135
Spiritism: what is it and where is it and where is it practiced
- The belief that the human personality continues to exist after death and can communicate with the living through the agency of a medium or physic
- Brazil
136
Where do Jews live
2/5 United States
| 2/5 Israel
137
What is special about Judaism
First recorded religion to espouse monotheism, belief that there is only one God.
• Contrasts polytheism- the worship of a collection of gods.
-Christianity and Islam find some of their roots in Judaism.
138
Universalizing religions vs ethnic origins
-Precise vs unclear
139
Buddhism year of origin, founder, place of origin, dif between branches
-~ 2,500 years ago
-Siddhartha Guatemata
-India
Thervada (Full time buddhist)
Mahayana- Buddha's compassion. Less demanding than Thervada
Vajrayana- Rituals
140
Christianity year of origin, founder, place of origin, dif between branches
- ~2,000 years ago
- Based on teachings of Jesus
- Palestine/Israel
Roman catholic- Accept teachings of the bible and Pope as leader
Orthodox- East roman empire. Accept the 7 sacraments, but reject newer documents
Protestant- Salvation through faith alone and not bible
141
Israel year of origin, founder, place of origin, dif between branches
- ~1,500 years ago
- Prophet Muhammad
- Makkah (Mecca) located in present day Saudi Arabia
- Shiites (Iran) and Sunnis (North Africa, Southeast Asia, Southwest Europe)- disagreement on line of succession in Islam
142
What is Buddhism 4 Noble truths
- All living thing suffer
- Suffering is caused by desire to live and leads to reincarnation
- Goal of life is to escape suffering and reach Nirvana (redemption) through moral and self purification
- Nirvana is attained through the eight fold path: rightness of belief, resolve etc
143
Who possesses universal authority in Roman Catholic branch
The pope
144
What caused the split between the Roman and Eastern churches
-Rivalry btwn Pope of Rome and Patriachy of Constantinople, which was v. Intense after the Roman empire collapse. Pope condemmed the Patriach of Constantinople
145
What are the 5 pillars of faith
1. Shahadah- recite there is only one god and muhammaed is the messenger
2. Salat- pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
3. Generosity
3. Sawn of ramadam- fast during ramadam
4. Hajj- pilgrimmage to Mecca if u can
146
Role of prophet Muhammad in the creation of Islam in two sentences
God revealed to him the truth, he preached it, emigrated to yathib (bc God said so), marks beginning of Muslim Calendar, muhammad returned to Mecca and established Islam as cities religion. By his death it had spread through Saudi Arabia
-Quran is record of god's words reveal to phrophet Muhammed through Gabriel
147
What is the cause of the split between the Shiite and Sunni Muslims
-Disagreement over the line of sucession in the Islamic leadership
148
What two ancient peoples beliefs blended to form Hinduism
- Aryan
| - Dravidians
149
How is Hinduism differnt than the universalizing religions
-Large, but Ethnic
150
Through what types of diffusion did Christianity spread
Relocation
| Contagious (Hierarchial and contagious)
151
How is Christianity an example of hierarchial diffusion
Emperor Constantine helped diffuse the religion throughout the
Roman Empire by embracing Christianity.
-Elite kings converting subjects
-Spanish and protuguese spread to Latin America
152
How did relocation diffusion contribute to the spread of christianity
- Missionaries diffused it along the protected sea routes and the excellent Roman Roads
- Paul first in relocation
153
How did contagious diffusion contribute to the spread of Christianity
- Migration and missionary activity
- Permenant resettlement of Europeans (contact between belivers and non believers)
- Inter marriage
154
How had migration affected the distribution of Christian branches: Canada
- Early colonists came primarily from Protestant England
- Regions in the U.S. and Canada are Roman Catholic bc immigration from RC countries
- Mexico and other Larin America immigration concentrated RC in southwest
155
How had migration affected the distribution of Christian branches: Salt Lake Valley, Utah
-Mormon migrated from Fayette NY, to SLV, Utah, bc looking for religious freedom so a lot of mormons in Salt Lake
156
How had migration affected the distribution of Christian branches: Quebec
_French settlement and immigration made predominant in RC Quebec
157
How did Islam spread to Indonesia
Arab traders brough the religion there
158
How did trade routes play a role in the spread of Buddhism
- Merchants along the trading routes from North eastern India Introduced Buddhism to China
- Spread Buddhism
159
In the 4th century, Buddhism spread from where to where
From china to Korea and then two centuries later to Japan
160
What was the dispora
-When Romans forced the Jews that lived int he Eastern mediterranean to disperse throughout the world in an action called dispora
161
What is the origin of the term ghetto
- Jews persecuted
- Jews of many European countries were forced to live in ghettos- city neighborhoods set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews
162
How were most Jews treated as they lived among other nationalities
- Badly
| - Holocaust-> massacre
163
How did English become widely diffused
- Pop culture
- Internet
- Colonization
- Internet
164
When and why did English diffuse to North America
- Colonization
| - 17th century
165
People from all three eastern regions (New England, Southeastern, Midlands) migrated into the Midwest, Great Plains, and Western United States. Why are there relativly uniform of English dialect across this enormous state
-Most if thus area where from the milands and everyone adapted to that dialect
166
Why is it difficult to distinguish individual languages from dialects
Its hard because sometimes a langauge had been identified as a dialect until they develop independence and it is classified as a language
167
Basque
Isolated language
168
Icelandic
Related to other languages, but has changed less than any other language in 1,000 years
169
Koro aka
In danger of being extinct
170
Native American
Extinct
171
Hebrew
Revived through the the Bible
172
Celtic (Welsh, Irish, Breton, Scottish, Cornish)
Welsh: dominant in wales
Irish: Being preseved
Cornish: revived language, hard to know exactly how to pronounce words
173
Austrailia
- Government is not trying to preserve it
| - Endangered language
174
New Zealand
-Endangered
175
Occitan
-trying to preserve language
176
Why is much of the internet in English? Why might this be problematic
- America had mos tof the shares, it is the lingua france, America control a lot of global trade, you have to speak English
- Problematic bc if you don't know english, you don't engage in global community eng speakers don't engage with other speakers
177
1. Ethnic Religion
A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principals are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated
178
2. Universalizing Religion
A religion that attemps to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location
179
3. Atheism
Belief that God does ot exist
180
4. Agnosticism
Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists
181
5. Animism
Belief that objects, such as pants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life
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6. Cosmogony
A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
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7. Autonomous religion
A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates manually
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8. Hierarchical religion
A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
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9. Missionary
An individual who helps diffuse a universalizaing religion
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10. Pagan
A follower of a polytheistic religion
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11. Syncretic
A religion that combines several traditions
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12. Diaspora
The dispersion of Jews beyond Israel
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13. Pilgrimage
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes
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14. Ghetto
During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure
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15.Monotheism
The doctrine of or belief in the existence of only one God
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16. Polytheism
Belief in or worship or more than one god
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17. Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomnation, or sect)
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Hearth
Origin of a religion
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Founders
The person who created the religion
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Diffusion
How the religion diffused to different places
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What object thing is important to christianity
Church
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Why is church prominant in Christianity
It is an expression of of religious principals, an environment in the image of God
-Collective worship
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Why do many christian churches vary in architectural and construction style
-Christianity split into many denominators and shows denomination and religious architectual heritage
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Typical features of a mosque
- Organized around central courtyard
- Minaret- tower where men (Muessin) summons people to worship
- Around courtyard is cloister used for school and nonreligious activities
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What is a synagogue used for
Judaism
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IN what shape are Baha'i Houses or Worship built
Nature
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What is the religious purpose of a Buddist pagoda
- NOT for congressional worship
| - Individual prayer or meditation is more likely to be undertaken
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How are pagodas evidence of Buddhism's diffusion
Pagodas contain relics that Buddhists believe to be a portion of Buddha's body or clothing
-Followers got the relics and carried them to other countries and built pagodas for them
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Formal worship in a pagoda is not typical. Where does it usually take place
At an adjacetn temple, a remote monestary or in a home
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What is a pilgrammage
A journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred
-Hindus and muslims especially encouraged
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Buddhism holy sites
Locations of important events in Buddhas life
| -India and Nepal
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Islam holy sites
- Associated with the life of muhammad
| - Mecca, etc
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Hinduism holy sites
Ethnic religion, tied to landscape
- Riverbanks and coastlines -> achieve purification by visiting the,
- Mountains- visit bc Siva lives there
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Cosmogony and examples
-Religious beleifs concerning the origin of the universe
-Confucianism/Taoism- Universe made of Yin and Yang that exist in everything
-Chrisitianity/ Islam- God created the universe and ppl etc
Christianity- Humans finish task of creation
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How has christian burial practicies changed of time
From catacombs to cemetaries
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Hindus burial
Cremation
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Parsis burial
-Strip away unclean portions expose body to scavengers
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Micronesia burial
Water burial (protect against being comtaminated by the dead)
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Utopian settlements
- Ideal community built around religious way of like
| - Many die out bc they are celebate and no newcomers
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Salt Lake city, Utah
- Mormon
| - Church buildings situated at strategic pts
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Puritans religious settlements
-New england settlers that migrated together from new england prefer to live together
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Most important feautre of a calendar of an ethnic religion
- More clustered distribution
| - Holidays based on physical geography of homeland
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Most important feautre of a calendar of an universalizing religion
-Holidays related to events in the life of the founder rather than the changing of seasons in one particular place
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How is the Jewish calendar typical of the ethnic use of the calendar
-Major holidays are based on events in the agricultural calendar of the religious homeland in Israel
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Jewish and Muslim use a lunar calendar, but differently explain
Jewish- inserts and extra month every few years to match the agricultural solar calendar
Islam- strict lunar calendar
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Why do Christian branches celebrate Easter on different days
Protestant and RC get from Gegorian Calendar and Orthodox from Julian
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Hierarchial religion def
Has a well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local admisitratures
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Hierarchial religions example
-Roman catholic (pope, archbishop, bishop, priest)
-Momons (broken up into wards)
ppl divided into sections that work together to do services
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Automonous religions and examples
- Self-sufficient
- Interaction in communities is confined to little communication
- Islamd and Protestant denominations
- Islam doesn't have organized territories
- Baptist- self governing congregation (united church of christ)
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What is religious fundamentalism
A literal interpretation and strict adhereance to basic principals of a religion
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How did Taliban gov't raise conflict w/ western/modern ideas after it took power
- Banned western leisure activites
- Soccer stadiums turned into execution and flogging place
- men beaten for shaving beards and women stoned for adultry
- Homosexuals buried alive and prostitutes hanged
- Theievs hands cut off and womens fingers if they have nail polish
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What aspect of hinduism clashed w/ western/modern ideas
Caste system
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What western groups critzed caste esystem and why
British administrators and christian missionaries
| - Neglect of the lower classes' health and economic problesm
230
How did the Indian government responded to the issue with the caste system
-Classified the historically discriminated castes as "schedules castes" and are often called the Dalit
231
How did the Soviet Union communist gov't attempt to limit the influence of religion
- Eliminated church-state connection, church property can only be used w/ gov't permisison
- bc young ppl aren't going to services often, they forget about the religion
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How were the communist regimes detrimetal to buddhism in Southeast asia
- Communists ad others vandalized shrines
| - Communists permitted the monuments to decay-> angle or wat the countries don't have enough money to restore it
233
What two religiouse groups are in conflict in Ireland
Roman Catholics and Protestants
234
Why is Ireland split between two countries
Norhtern countries wanted tobe part of the mostly protestant UK rather than the Roman catholic ireland
235
What three religions are in constant conflict over the land in the Middle East
Jews, Christians, Muslims
236
What was the military campaign by christians to recapture their holy land from the muslims
Crusaes- they kept regaining and losing the holy land
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How did WWI and WWII shape control and policy in the Palestine region
- Ottoman empire lost it to the League of Nations and later the UN in WWI
- After WWII, jewish and muslim settlers got more violent
- They made Jerusalem to be an international city, open to all religions, run by the united nations
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Islam’s Jerusalem
- Conquered this land in the past
- 3rd holiest Muslim city
- Where Muhammad ascended into heaven
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Judaism’s Jerusalem
-Special claim to the territory it calls the promised land where major events in the development of the religion occurred
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Palestinian perspective
- Muslim
- Been there before the UN partician
- UN partician- given West Bank and Gaza
- Israelis are moving into the West banks, so they are angry
- Israeli settlements moving into their territory
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Israeli perspective
- Jewish
- Wanted sage place and were given that land because of claim from ancestors and given the state of Israel by the UN
- Have settlements in West Bank because they can and they claim the whole state as theirs
