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AP Human Geography > Unit 2 Key Questions > Flashcards

Unit 2 Key Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

4 main population clusters

A
  • South Asia
  • Europe
  • East Asia
  • Southeast Asia
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2
Q

South asia population cluster

A
  • India is the main country
  • 1.5+ bul people
  • About 20% of humanity
  • Nearly 20 percent of humanity in India
  • About 60% rural
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3
Q

Europe population cluster

A
  • About 3/4 billion people
  • 11 percent of humanity
  • About 3/4 urban
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4
Q

East Asia population cluster

A

China is main country

  • More than 1.5 bil people
  • More than 20% of humanity
  • About 20 percent of humanity in China
  • 50% rural
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5
Q

Secondary population clusters (2)

A

Eastern North America

West Africa

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6
Q

Eastern North America population cluster

A

Northeaster United States and Southeastern Canada

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7
Q

West Africa population cluster

A

Along the Atlantic Coast, especially the portion facing the south
-Nigeria most populus country in Africa

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8
Q

What does Non-Ecumene mean

A

Areas of Earth that people do not want to live on/populate because it it too dry, wet, cold, or mountainous for activities involving agriculture

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9
Q

Overtime, what has happened (continueing to happen) to the percent of the Earth that is ecumene versus non-ecumene

A
  • Some places progress from livable to unlivable and vice versa if you change the environment
  • Ecumene is increasing bc people change and adapt to the environment to make it livable
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10
Q

Sparsly popualted land

A

Dry lands
Wet lands
Cold land
-High lands

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11
Q

Reasons for in hospitality Dry land

A

Lacks sufficient water to grow crops that could feed a large population

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12
Q

Reasons for in hospitality Wet land

A

Combination of rain and heat depletes nutrients from coil-> hinder agriculture

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13
Q

Reasons for in hospitality Cold lands

A

Ground is always frozen-> permafrost, unsuitable for planting corps-> too cold

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14
Q

Reasons for in hospitality High lands

A

Steep, snow covered, sparesly settled

-Sometimes possible agriculture if they are more densily populated and at low latitudes (near equator)

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15
Q

Types of density

A

Arithmetic
Physiological
Agricultural

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16
Q

Arithmetic density def

What does a low and high number mean

A

-AKA average density
The total number of people in an area.
Total number of ppl divided by total land area
-A low number means that it isn’t super crowded
-A high number means that is very croded

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17
Q

Physiological density

A
  • AKA farmland density
  • Number of people supported by a unit area of arable land
  • Understands the capacity of the land to yield enough food for the needs of the people
  • Total population divided by total arable (food producing) land
  • Shows why people live where they live-> food source
  • Comparing physiological and arithmetic densities helps geographers understand the capacity of the lands to yield enough food for the needs of the people
  • A low number means that there is a lot of land to produce for the people so they are not starving
  • A high number means that a lot of people rely on a little land for food and the food supply is low
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18
Q

What occurs the higher the rate of physiological density

A

The less crops produced

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19
Q

Agricultural density

A

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

  • Developed countries have lower agricultural densities than developing countries because they have more machines and finance to farm large areas of land
  • America is lower bc machines
  • A larger number means that there are a lot of farmers and that their methods of farming is inefficient
  • Helps account for economical differences between countries
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20
Q

How is relationships between population and resources in a country understood

A

Compare physiological and agricultural densities
-Physiological densities of Netherlands and Egypt are high but Dutch has lower agricultural density which indicates that the Dutch and Egyptians put heavy pressure on the land to produce food, but the Dutch agri system is more efficient and requires fewer farmers

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21
Q

What is crude birth rate

A

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

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22
Q

What is crude death rate

A

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in society.

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23
Q

What is natural increase rate

A

Percentage by which a population grows in a year subtract CBR-CDR to get NIR. NIR is a % so multiply number gotten by 100.

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24
Q

Describe NIR through most of human history

A

Essentially 0, Earth’s population unchanged at about .5 mil people

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25
Q

Describe NIR at it’s peak

A

2.2 percent in 1963 and 87 million more people each year

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26
Q

Describe NIR currently

A

1.2 percent

82 million more people each year

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27
Q

What is double timing and what is the current one

A

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. At current rate, (1.2 percent per year) our population would double in 54 years

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28
Q

What is total fertility rate or TFR

A

The average number of children a woman will have through her child-bearing years (15-49). Attempts to predict the future behavior of individual women in a world of rapid culture change

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29
Q

What is the global average TFR

A

2.5

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30
Q

Note the rate and locations of global highs and lows in TFR

A

High: sub Saharan Africa (exceeds 5) , Third world countries (Africa) with low CBR
Low: Developed countries, (America, Europe, Asia) with low CBR (Nearly all European countries have a TFR of 2 or less)

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31
Q

Define infant mortality rate

A

Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared with total live births expressed as a per 1000 number

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32
Q

Define life expectancy

A

The average period that a person in a certain area may expect to live

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33
Q

How are the mortality rates distributed globally in terms of the developed and developing worlds

A

Higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality in developed countries
Lower life expectancy and higher infant mortality rate in developing countries

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34
Q

Describe a population pyramid

A

Shows the percentage of total population in 5 year age groups with the youngest group (0-4) at the bottom and the oldest group at the top. Length of bar shows the % of total population contained by that group. Males usually on the left and females on the right

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35
Q

Why do some population pyramids in the U.S. differ by state

A

Because of different ethnicity and age group people want to live in certain states
(Texas- hispanic, broad pyramid, Florida- reverse pyramid bc old ppl)

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36
Q

Dependency ration

A

The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people who are in their productive years
ppl 0-14 + ppl 65+ divide by ppl 15-64 (workforce)

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37
Q

How does a large number of youth dependents strain a counntry

A

The greater the dependency, the more financial burden on those who work

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38
Q

How does a large number of elderly dependents strain a country

A

Labor force has to work to support old people who can’t work

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39
Q

What is the dependency ratio in Sub-saharan Africa and Europe

A

SSA- 85%-> high percent of old ppl

Europe- 47% equal number of 0-14 and 65+ and work force

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40
Q

Sex ratio

A

The number of males per 100 females in a population

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41
Q

Why do developed countries have a higher female sex ratio

A

On average women live 7 years longer than men

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42
Q

What theory does the text present as to why China and India have a higher male sex ratio

A

There are more male babies bc female fetuses are being aborted

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43
Q

What is the demographic transistion model

A

A process of change with several stages and every country is in one of the stages
-Model consisting of 4 stages that helps to explain rising and falling of natural increase

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44
Q

What demographic transition model characteristics do developed countries have

A

Lower rates of:

  • Natural increase
  • Crude birth
  • Total fertility
  • Infant mortality
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45
Q

What demographic transition model characteristics do developing countries have

A

Higher rates of:

  • Natural increase
  • Crude birth
  • Total fertility
  • Infant mortality
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46
Q

Demographic transition Stage 1

A

-Weird triangle
CBR up
CDR up
NIR: not much growth
-There are no countries currently in stage 1
Most of humanity’s history is in this stage

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47
Q

Demographic transition Stage 2

A 
-Triangle
CBR up
CDR declining
NIR up high
Fast growing
-Europe and North America in this stage after industrial revolution bc more wealth for better living
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48
Q

Demographic transition Stage 3

A 
-Extended triangle/pentagon
CBR down
CDR down
NIR up to moderate
Moderate growth
-CBR drops sharply
-Some population growth bc CBR more than CDR
-Ppl more likely to live in cities
-Ppl want less kids
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49
Q

Demographic transition Stage 4

A

-Column
-CBR down
CDR down
NIR up to 0
Slow growth
-V low birth and death rates and virtually no long term increase and possible decrease
-Zero population growth (ZPG) can occur when CBR is a little more than CDR but more accurately defined as lower TFR bc women enter labor force

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50
Q

Demographic transition Stage 5

A

Reduced or shrinking pentagon

  • Japan
  • Germany
  • Hungary
  • v low CBR
  • Higher CDR (elderly dying)
  • Negative NIR
  • Few women in child bearing years
  • Low base (few kids), more elderly
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51
Q

Examples of countries in stage 1

A

None

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52
Q

Examples of countries

in stage 2

A

Cape verde
Laos
Mazambique

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53
Q

Examples of countries in stage 3

A

Chile
Mexico
Brazil

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54
Q

Examples of countries in stage 4

A

U.S.A
Denmark
Uraguay

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55
Q

Explanation of how countries move out of a stage and into the next 1 to two

A

When death rates decline sharply

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56
Q

Explanation of how countries move out of a stage and into the next 2 to 3

A

When birth rates declined sharply

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57
Q

Explanation of how countries move out of a stage and into the next 3 to 4

A

When CBR= CDR and NIR is 0ish

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58
Q

Explanation of how countries move out of a stage and into the next 4 to 5

A

United states
Medical advancements
Women working

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59
Q

How does a population pyramid’s shape change as it goes through the demographic transistion

A

The base of the pyramid narrows as time goes on and it starts getting wider towards the middle and the top until it looks like a column and maybe a extended pentagon

60
Q

The CBR has declined since 1990. Identify two strategies that have been successful in reducing birth rates

A
  • Through education and health

- Lowering birth rates through contraceptives

61
Q

Why does education and health lower CBR

A

Women go to school and get economic control over their lives, women better understand their reproductive rights with better education and have more informed choices and more effective methods of contraceptives. IMRs decline with improved healthcare program and improved pre natural care, counseling about sexually transmitted diseases and child immunization, more kids survive and so women are more likely to choose better contraceptives to limit the number of children. With better conditions, women do not want to have that many kids

62
Q

How does contraception lower birth rates

A

Rapidly diffusing modern contraceptive methods, putting resources into family planning. In developing countries demand of contraceptives is greater than the available supply. To increase their use, distribute them more quickly and cheaply. Contraceptives are best method for lowering with rate.

63
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Population grows faster than the increase in food supply

64
Q

Neo-Malthusians

A

Population is outstripped a lot of resources and focus isn’t just on food. Lack of resources can lead to violence

65
Q

Critics of Malthus

A
  • Malthus is based on a belief that the worlds supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding (too pessimistic)
  • More population could stimulate economic growth and more food production (population is not a problem)
66
Q

Where has Malthus’s theory proven right

A

Population has grown

67
Q

In what ways was Malthus mistaken

A

Food production increased during the last half-century more rapidly than he predicted
-Population increased more slowly than he expected and executed it to quadruple but even in India, the population increased more slowly than the food supply

68
Q

How is Japan’s population expected to change by 2050 and why and why is it bad

A
  • Decrease from 127 mil to 95 mil
  • Happens bc very low CBR, high CDR (elderly ppl), few women in child bearing years to brink down CBR more
  • Problematic bc severe shortage of workers. No immigration (immigration is discouraged) Japan is encouraging older peopl and women to work (will decrease NIR even more bc more women working)
69
Q

What are the two big breaks in the demographic transition and their causes

A

1st: sudden drop in death rate (comes from technological innovation and has been accomplished everywhere)
2nd: The sudden drop in death rate (comes from changing social trends (women working etc) and has yet to be achieved in many countries)

70
Q

How is a possible stage 5 in the DTM characterized

A

A very low CBR, and increasing and a negative NIR

-High CDR bc a lot of elderly

71
Q

India’s population policies

A
  • Forced sterilizations
  • Aggressive anti natalist
  • Guns for sterilization
  • This fails
72
Q

China’s population policies

A

Mao against population control bc workers will grow

  • One child policy-> abortions of females (led to high sex ratio) bc boys would carry family name. In urban areas, families fined, sterilized, and pressure to abort if 2nd child and if one child they get better housing, monthly allowance, school admissions
  • Rural families with one child receive extra work points
73
Q

What did the one child policy result in

A
  • Low female to male ratio so government tries to encourage females
  • High dependency ratio
  • Kids have a sense of entitlement
74
Q

What is epidemiologic transition

A

Focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition
-Diseases etc

75
Q

Stage 1 Epidemiological transition

A

Pestilence and families (high CDR)

  • Infectious and parasitic diseases
  • Developing nations
  • Black plague
76
Q

Stage 2 Epidemiological transition

A

Receding pandemics (rapidly declining CDR)

77
Q

Stage 3 Epidemiological transition

A

Degeneratie diseases (Moderately decline CDR)

  • Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging
  • Cardiovascular diseases and cander
  • Human created diseases like pollution issues
78
Q

Stage 4 Epidemiological transition

A

Delayed degenerative disease (low but increasing CDR)

  • Cardiovascular disease and cancer (delayed bc modern medical treatments)
  • Life expectancy of older people is higher through medical advancements
79
Q

Stage 5 Epidemiological transition

A

Evolution: disease evolve to be resistant to treatments and insecticides
Poverty:Prevalent in poor areas bc unsanitary conditions and inability to afford drugs needed for treatment
Increased connections: Ppl move place to place spreading disease. Aids spread from substantial Africa to America. Especially air travel

80
Q

Health Care MDC

A
  • Public service available at little or no cost
  • Gov’t pays more than 70% of health care costs in most European countries and pirvate individuals pay about 30% of expenses
81
Q

Health care LDC

A
  • Private individuals pay more than half the cost of health care
  • U.S. is an exception bc private individuals pay about 55% of health care costs making it resemble a developing country in regards to health care
82
Q

Migration transition

A

Stage 1: low migration
Stage 2: people leaving and ppl move from rural to urban
Stage 3 and 4: people come from around the world and people move from cities to suburbs

83
Q

What are Ravenstein’s two laws for distance in relation to migrants

A
  • Most migrates relocate a short distance and remain within the country
  • Long distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity
84
Q

What is international migration

A

A permanent move from one country to another

85
Q

Push factors responsible for voluntary migration

A
  • No jobs
  • Harsh conditions
  • Imples that migrates have chosen to move for economic improvement
  • Fell forced for pressure inside themselves for a better lifestyle
86
Q

Push factors responsible for Forced migration

A
  • Political unrest or slavery
  • Persecution
  • The migrant has been compelled to move especially by political or environmental factors
  • Violent actions of others
87
Q

Internal migration def

A

Permanent move within the country

88
Q

Interregion migration

A

-Movement from one region of a country to another

89
Q

Intraregional migration

A

-Movement within one rehion

90
Q

Describe immigration during 17th to 18 centuries

A
  • Colonial settlement
  • Europe
  • Subsaharan Africa forced to migrate as slaves
91
Q

Describe immigration during mid 19 and Early 20th centruey

A
  • Mass European immigration
  • U.S. offered economic sucess to Europeans
  • Germans to escape political unrest
  • Irish and German economic
92
Q

Describe immigration during Late 20th and Early 21st century

A
  • Asian and Latin American
  • China, philippines, India, Vietnam
  • Latin America
  • Immigration reform and control act-> issued visas to illegal immigrants to a lot of Mexicans and Latin Americans came
93
Q

What causes a decline in immigration serveral times throughout history

A
  • 1930s and 1940s
  • Great depression and world wars
  • Quoatas
94
Q

What are the 4 countries that sent out the most immigrants from Asia in recent years

A
  • China
  • Philippines
  • India
  • Vietnam
95
Q

What is the most famous example of large scale interregional migration in the U.S.

A

-The opening of the American West before everything on East Coast. After people moved west, things were better distributed

96
Q

3 specific situations where population settlement within America has been encouraged or discouraged

A

Opening building of Canals- ppl can travel easily and cheaply
Rushing to the gold- move west toward the gold and filled in the Great Plains with Immigrants. Population center west
-Quotas- no more unregulated immigration discouraged

97
Q

Russia move Where

A

Far North to Siberia area from west

98
Q

Russia move why

A
  • Everyone was clustered near Europe and the rest very uninhabited
  • Siberia rich in natural resources (fossil fuels, minerals, and forests)
99
Q

Russia move how

A

Soviet government forced people to migrate to the Far North to construct and operate steel mills, hydroelectric power stations, mines, other enterprises
-Encouraged with higher wages, more paid holiday, earlier retirement

100
Q

Canada move where

A

East to west like America

101
Q

Canada move why

A

Wanted move development westward

102
Q

Canada move how

A

-3 westernmost provinces destination for interregional migrants

103
Q

China move where

A

-Rural ears to the interior of the country and are headed for the large urban area along the east coast

104
Q

China move why

A

The jobs are most plentiful especially in the factories

-Manufacturing

105
Q

China move how

A

Government used to limit the ability of the people to make interregional moves, but restrictions have been lifted in recent years

106
Q

Brazil move where

A

From coast Rio de Janeiro to inland Brasilia

107
Q

Brazil move why

A

People clustered in big cities like Sao paulo and Rio de Janeiro along Atlantic and the interior is sparsely inhabited

108
Q

Brazil move how

A

Government moved its capital from Rio to a newly built city called Brasilia

  • To encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents move to the interior
  • Forward capital
109
Q

Urbanization def

A

Migration from rural to urban areas

110
Q

What does urbanization trend look like in America

A

Increased from 5 to 50 to 80%

111
Q

Push and pull factors explaining urbanization trend in America

A
  • Economic advancement
  • Pushed from rural areas by declining opportunities in agriculture
  • Pulled to cities by prospect of work in factories or service industries
112
Q

Suburbanization def

A

Migration from urban to suburban areas

113
Q

What does suburbanization trend look like in America

A

More people are migrating to suburbs

-Nearly two times as many Americans go from cities to suburbs as those who go to cities from suburbs

114
Q

Push and pull factors explaining suburbanization trend in America

A
  • Pulled by a suburban lifestyle
  • You can live in a detached home with a private yard where kids can play safely
  • Suburban schools are better
  • You can still go to jobs bc cars and Trains
115
Q

Counterubanization def

A

Net migration from urban to rural areas

116
Q

What does counterurbanization trend look like in America

A

-See it primarily in rocky mountain states (rural counties in states like Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming)

117
Q

Push and pull factors explaining counterurbanization trend in America

A
  • Lifestyle means
  • No one is truly isolated bc technology
  • Result of the severe recession
  • Urban life too busy
  • Want to work in nearby factories, small town shops, other services
  • Most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities
118
Q

Political push factors

A
  • Slavery
  • Conflict
  • Refugee (forced to migrate to avoid violence and cannot return for fear of persecution)
  • Internally displaced (refugee, but hasn’t left)
  • Asylum seeker (looking for a country to stay and b safe in)
119
Q

Environmental push factors

A

Hazardous rehions

-Flood and drought

120
Q

Environmental pull factors

A

Mountains, seasides, warm climates

  • Pull
  • Attractive regions
121
Q

Economic push factors

A
  • More jobs
  • U.S. and Canada
  • They offered prospects for economic advancement and pulls people to these countries from Latin America and Asia
122
Q

Guest workers

A

People mostly from the Middle east, Asia, North Africa who have migrated for work, but who are not considered permanent

123
Q

Why are China and Southwest Asia major destinations for migrants

A
  • China’s booming economy is attracting immigrants who are willing to work in China’s rapidly expanding factories, but there is more internal migration
  • South Asia is producing a lot of oil so ppl from poor countries moved. Working conditions are bad and lack workers rights
124
Q

Intervening obstavle

A

An environment or political feature that hinders migration

  • Physical
  • Transportation
  • Political concerns/laws
125
Q

Physical geography obstable

A
  • Long, arduous, expensive passage over land or sea
  • Mountain or deserts and seas
  • Used to be the main obstacle in the past
126
Q

Transportation obstacle

A

-Today we have motor vehicles and airplanes that diminished importance of physical geography and transportation

127
Q

Political concerns/laws obstacle

A

Need passport to legally emigrate from a country and a visa to legally migrate to a new country

128
Q

What did the quota act of 1921 and National origins act of 1924 do

A

Marked the end of unrestricted immigration to the U.S.

  • Max limit of people who can immigrate to the U.S. from a country
  • Ensuring that the immigrants were coming from Eurpp[e
129
Q

What groups does U.S. immigration law give preference to

A

Family reunification (3/4 of immigrants let in), skilled workers (1/4 immigrants let in), diversity (country has historically sent few migrants)

130
Q

What is brain drain

A

A large scale emigration by talented people
-Scientists, researchers, doctors, and other professions migrate to countries where they can better make use of their abilities

131
Q

What is chain migration

A

The migration of people to a specific location bc relative or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
If migrants have connections- links to people who have already moved to a new location, it is much easier to relocate

132
Q

What are undocumented immigrant and where do most come from

A
  • Those who enter without proper documentation

- Most come from Mexico

133
Q

Characteristics of unauthorized immigrants Children

A

1 mil children

-Unauthorized immigrants have given birth to approximately 4.5 million babies who are legal citizens

134
Q

Characteristics of unauthorized immigrants years in the U.S.

A

355 have stayed for 15+ years
28% for 10-14
22% for less than 5
people are staying for longer

135
Q

Characteristics of unauthorized immigrants Labor force

A
  • Employed in the jobs that the U.S. doesn’t want like construction and hospitality (food service and lodging)
  • 8mil unauthorized immigrants work
136
Q

Characteristics of unauthorized immigrants distribution

A
  • California and Texas has the largest number

- NY has a lot too

137
Q

What are Revenstein’s rules regarding the characteristics of migrants

A
  • Most long-distance migrants are male ( searching for work and males more likely to be employed than females)
  • Most long distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families
138
Q

How do americans feel about Border patrol

A

-They would like more effective border control, but they don’t want to spend more money to solve the issue.

139
Q

How do Americans feel about Workplace

A

Most recognize that unauthorized immigrants take jobs from U.S. citizens, but they understand most citizens wouldn’t take the jobs so they support a path to U.S. citizenship for these unauthorized immigrants.

140
Q

How do Americans feel about Civil rights

A

U.S. citizens favor letting law enforcement officials stop and verify the legal status of anyone, but they fear civil rights will be infringed upon of U.S. citizens, as a result of racial profiling.

141
Q

How do Americans feel about Local initiatives

A

Polls suggest U.S. citizens believe unauthorized immigration is a pressing matter to the nation, but it should only be dealt with at the federal level and not the local level.

142
Q

What countries have been destinations for European migration

A

Germany seems the most popular. Span is also popular. South to north

143
Q

What countries/ areas are the source of European migration

A

Romania
China
Poland

144
Q

Why are some Europeans hostile to immigrants

A

Biggest fear is that the host country’s culture will be lost,
because immigrants have different culture
Hostility to immigrants has become a central plank of some political parties in many European countries
• Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment rates, and high welfare costs.

145
Q

Why did Europeans emigrate from their homes in the nineteenth century

A

Industrial revolution (public health, medicine, food) pushed lower CDR and Europe to stage 2 of DTM. More population and limited opportunities for economic advancement. Migration to U.S., Canada, other regions were a safety value that drained off

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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