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AP Human Geography > Unit 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 2 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Overpopulation

A

The population is too great for the local environment to support it.
(EX: In China, the one-child policy was implemented to avoid overpopulation and the issues with it)

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2
Q

Population double timing

A

The number of years needed to double the population, assuming a constant rate of increase. Divide the rate buy 70 for more accuracy. Rate of natural increase effects this (EX: 21st century rate is 54 years)

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3
Q

Population density: arithmetic

A

-“Average density”
-Total population divided by total land area
(EX: U.S. density is 34.3)

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4
Q

Population density: Physiological

A
  • “Farmland density”
    -Total population divided by total arable land area
    (EX: 190.5-> how much we can produce on our land)
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5
Q

Population density: Agricultural

A

-“Farmer density”
-Total number of farmers divided by total arable land area
(EX: America may have a lower one because we use machines rather than real farmers)

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6
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The number of people that can be supported in an area given the technology of production
(EX: There is a low carrying capacity in an area like Kenya, because they don’t have a lot of tractors and other agricultural tech to make a lot of food)

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7
Q

Dependency ratio

A
  • The number of people who are too old or young to work and has to depend on the working class
  • (# of people 0-14) +(# of people 65+) divided by (# of people 15-64 “workforce”)
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8
Q

Population pyramids

A
  • The number of people who are too old or young to work and has to depend on the working class
  • (# of people 0-14) +(# of people 65+) divided by (# of people 15-64 “workforce”)
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9
Q

Population pyramids

A

Normally shows the percentage of the total population in 5 year age groups, with the youngest group (0 to 4 years old) at the base of the pyramid and the oldest group at the top
EX: The shape is triangle which shows rapid growth

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10
Q

Demographic transition model

A

A model consisting of four stages that helps to explain the rising and falling of natural increase over time in a country.
-Historically no country has reverted back to a previous stage
EX: Stage 2 has a triangle shape and has rapid growth, and no country is in stage 1 anymore

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11
Q

Industrial revolution

A

Caused a historical migration because America’s economy was booming and people wanted to come over and join in on the financial gain.
EX: it is like the migration west, people move for better economic status

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12
Q

Thomas malthus/Malthusian theory

A

Claimed the population was growing faster than the increase in food supply. His model predicted the world population to quadruple over the course of 50 years. When resources and land cannot supply the population
EX: It was prove wrong because the population has not increased to outpace food production

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13
Q

Epidemiological transisition

A

Epidemiology is the branch of medical science concerned with the incidents distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among the population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality.
Epidemiological transition focuses on distinct health threats in each stage of the demographic transition
EX: An example is the bubonic plague in the 1st stage

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14
Q

Pandemic

A

A disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. Occurs during stage 2 receding pandemic (rapidly declining CDR)
EX: Flu pandemic

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15
Q

Epidemic

A

A disease that is only in a certain area and not widespread across the world.
EX: The black death

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16
Q

Antinatialist policies

A

Against having more births

  • China’s one child policy
  • Fines for having more kids, pressure to abort a pregnancy forced sterilization accompanied 2nd pregnancies
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17
Q

Pronatalist policies

A

Encouraging more births

  • Mao wanted China to grow more
  • Russia wanted population to grow them so they passed out medals to women who gave birth to a lot of kids
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18
Q

Chain migration

A

Describes the way that many migrants choose a new place to live. Migrants from a particular town follow other migrants from the same town to a particular destination
EX: People from the same city in Mexico go to the same area

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19
Q

Push factors

A

A force that induces people to move out of their present location
EX: Cultural (forced migration because of political unrest or slavery) and environmental (harsh conditions tend to push people out)

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20
Q

Pull Factors

A

A force that induces people to move into a new location

EX: Economic (more jobs, better pay, etc), Environmental (Appealing conditions tend to pull people like Florida)

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21
Q

Asylum

A

The protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee.
EX: leaving Iran bc of war to seek asylum in USA

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22
Q

Refugees

A

A person who has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life and he or she cannot return for fear of persecution. Forced migration
EX: Leaving Germany when the Holocaust happened

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23
Q

Internally displaced person

A

Similar to a refugee, but he or she has not migrated across an international border
EX: Nationalist party leaving China for Taiwan

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24
Q

Forced vs voluntary migration

A

When you move against your will so that you don’t die. Voluntary is when you move to make your life and you choose to move
EX: moving to avoid war or moving to America for more jobs

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25
Q

International migration

A

Permanent move from one country to another

Voluntary and forced (against your will, you are refugee)

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26
Q

Internal migration

A

Permanent move within the same country
-Interregional
-Intraregional
EX: Chicago to New York

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27
Q

Interregional migration

A

Out of a region

EX: From Midwest to SOuth

28
Q

Intraregional migration

A

Within a region

EX: From Chicago to suburbs

29
Q

Migration

A

Relocation diffusion and a permanent move to a new location

EX: Migrating from Chicago to Los Angeles

30
Q

Voluntary migration

A

Migrating because you want to for a better life

EX: Migrating to California because there are more jobs

31
Q

Intervening obstacles

A

Hinder migration, can be categorized into two types
Environmental feature- Mountain, ocean, or distance (has hindered people in the past)
Political feature- countries require proper documentation to leave one country and gain entry in another (more political today)
EX: The quota prevents certain people from coming into the the country

32
Q

Distance decay

A

The farther away two places are, the less likely they are to migrate there
EX: migrating from Iraq to Germany bc it is closer than the U.S.

33
Q

Brain drain

A

Countries prefer skilled workers so there is a disproportionate amount of highly skilled and intelligent citizen migrating away from sending countries (lose knowledge from country because intelligent people are leaving).
EX: Japan is trying to prevent people from leaving and being outsourced to other countries

34
Q

Circulation

A

Short term and repetitive acts of mobility are this

EX: Birds leaving north when it gets hot and south when it is cold

35
Q

Counter urbanization

A

Net migration from urban to rural areas. Is most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities
EX: Parents coming to suburbs of Chicago to raise kids

36
Q

Guest workers

A

People mostly from the Middle East, Asia, and North Africa, who have migrated for work, but who are not considered permanent migrants
EX: Mexicans coming to America to work

37
Q

Net migration

A

Difference between emigration and immigration

EX: America has more immigration than emigration and that is why the population is growing

38
Q

Quotas

A

Maximum limits on the number of people who could emigrate to the U.S. from a country in 1 year

39
Q

Migration transistion

A

Identified by Wilbur Zelinsky, it consists of changes in a society comparable to the demographic transition model
EX: Stage 1 consists of little migration
2 Involves international migration
3 and 4 are characterized by internal migraiton

40
Q

Immigration

A

Migration to a location

My family immigrated to America

41
Q

Emigration

A

Migration from a location

EX: My family emigrated from China and Europe

42
Q

Net migration rate

A

Rate of people moving into the country vs out

43
Q

Out migration

A

Migration of people out of the country

EX: Moving from America to France

44
Q

Arable land

A

Land that can be used to grow crops

EX: America has a lower percent of arable land, but has more feet of arable land because it is larger

45
Q

Sex ratio

A

The ratio of boys to girls in a population

EX: 104 boys to 100 girls

46
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 live births of infants under 1 year old
EX: America has a lower infant mortality rate because they have better medical equipment

47
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average period a person can expect to live in a population
EX: America has a higher life expectancy than other countries because there was better living conditions

48
Q

Cencus

A

An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.
EX; there are 250 million ppl in America

49
Q

Demography

A

The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
EX: stage 2 shows rapid growth

50
Q

Industrial revolution

A

Historical migration

51
Q

Medical revolution

A

Epidemiologic transition model, causes lower CDR so less infectious diseases, more degenerative diseases
EX: America has high medical skills so people mainly die of degenerative diseases

52
Q

Zero population growth

A

When CBR-CDR= 0 so NIR is 0 or close it. Little to no population change. Is better represented by TFR
EX: America has a low NIR close to 0, but migrants come in and increase the population

53
Q

Demographic momentum

A

Country in stage 3 or 4 that may be decreasing in population but they just keep producing more kids. Rate of natural increase declined, but the number of people added to the world’s population each year has remained relatively constant bc global population increased.
EX: 1950s-2000s

54
Q

Remittances

A

Ppl from less developed countries work in more developed countries and send the money they earn back to their families
EX: cash flow video, send money back to Mexico

55
Q

Return migration

A

Head back to home country

56
Q

Xenophobia

A 
Fear of immigrants
EX: people who are in the lower class typically have this bc immigrants take their jobs
57
Q

Counterurbanization

A

Urban to rural

EX: people want to work in more peaceful areas so they move from NYC to Idaho

58
Q

In- migration

A

Migration into a country

59
Q

Unauthorized immigrants

A

Immigrants who do not have the proper documentation to be legal immigrants

60
Q

Desertification

A

Sahara sahel- Counter ecumene, places are becoming deserts

EX: droughts in California

61
Q

Net migration rate

A

Emigration minus immigration

EX: America has a high net migration bc a lot of people are coming into the country

62
Q

Demographic balancing equation

A

How much is needed to offset birth rate and death rate to get net 0 NIR.
EX: No population change so more of a column shape

63
Q

Ravenstein’s laws

all

A

Most long-distance migrants are male.
• Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals
rather than families with children.
• Most long-distance migrants are young adults
seeking work rather than children or elderly
people.

64
Q

Step migration

A

Stages as to how they move

EX: how they more farm to village to city

65
Q

Sunbelt

A

Part of U.S. west coast

66
Q

Gravity model

A

There is a greater pull to larger communities and people are more likely to migrate to a large community than small ones

EX: migrating to Chinatown in Chicago than in some suburb if you’re Chinese

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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