Unit 5 Flashcards
Describe how children are able to increase their ability to use symbolic thinking, in Piaget’s preoperational stage, and they increase their language and vocabulary skills
The preoperational stage: the stage from approximately age 2 to age 7 in which children use of symbolic thinking(is a cognitive stage of development in young preschool age children) grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases (p,150) such as language and vocabulary skills.
Describe how preschool children are also forming a much more developed sense of self, including gender identity
According to Erickson, self-concept the meaning of their identity, or their set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals.
Describe Erikson’s approach to development and the initiative-versus-guilt stage
Erikson’s theory of initiative-versus-guilt stage: This stage of development happens from ages 3 to 6. During this period, children face conflicts between the desire to act independently of their parents and the guilt that comes if they don’t succeed. They come to see themselves as persons in their own right, and they begin to make decisions on their own.
Describe differences that are influenced by cultural or socio-economic factors, and sometimes there may be individual factors, such as family norms around parenting.
Generally, the style of parenting that is most successful can depend heavily on the norms of a particular culture–and what parents in a particular culture are taught regarding appropriate childrearing practices. Also, keep in mind that siblings and peer influences can play a significant role.
Describe the process of physical development in the early childhood and preschool years and the developmental tasks that children accomplish in this period.
Physical development in preschoolers, between the ages of two and six are the significant changes in height and weight and boys start to become taller and heavier, on average, than girls; in addition, by the time children reach age six, their proportions are similar to those of adults. The internal physical changes muscle size, bone structure, and the sensory organs continue to develop. In addition, Fine motor skills require practice. By age four, their motor skills are better. They can draw a person that looks like a person, and they can fold paper into triangular designs. And by the time they are five, they can hold and manipulate a thin pencil properly.
Describe the process of cognitive development in the early childhood and preschool years, including Piaget’s preoperational stage and critiques of Piaget’s theory, as well as Vygotsky’s theory of the social aspects of development and learning
According to Piaget’s fundamental theories of cognitive development, He suggests the transition from one stage to the next when the child reaches the right level of physical maturation and is exposed to relevant experiences. Without such cognitive development, and in particular the preoperational stage: the stage from approximately age 2 to age 7 in which children use of symbolic thinking(is a cognitive stage of development in young preschool age children) grows, mental reasoning emerges, such as language and vocabulary and the use of concepts increases (p,150) to children are assumed to be incapable of reaching their cognitive potential. Compared to Vygotsky’s belief that children develop cognitively within a concepts of the zone of proximal development (the preschooler can do the task with the advice of her teacher) and scaffolding (the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth) (P. 157). The contrast between Piaget and Vygotsky, is that Piaget argues that a child develops according to the world around them by certain stimuli, experiences, and events. Vygotsky argues that children learn by do tasks with help and support in the problem-solving process, which enhances their growth.
Compare and contrast different parenting styles and analyze the impact that these different styles may have on children, including the impact of maltreatment and abuse.
o Children of authoritarian parents tend to be withdrawn, show little sociability, are not very friendly, and often behave uneasily around their peers.
o Children of permissive parents tend to be dependent and moody, and are low in social skills and self-control.
o Children of authoritative parents fare best. They generally are independent, friendly, self-assertive, and co-operative. They have stroong motivation to achieve, and are typically successful an likable. They regulate their own behaviour effectively, including their emotions and their relationships.
o Children of uninvolved parents are the worst off, showing disrupted emotional development. They feel unloved and emotionally detached, and their physical and cognitive development may be impeded as well.
The impact of maltreatment and abuse: Physical abuse can occur in any household, regardless of economic well-being of social status. Most parents not intend to hurt their children. one, reason for abuse is the vague differentiation between allowed and banned forms of physical discipline. As a result, cycle of violence hypothesis the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer predisposes them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children; in addition, psychological maltreatment is abuse that occurs when parents of other caregivers harm children’s behavioural, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning.
