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Anatomy > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

2 parts of pelvis

A

false and true

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2
Q

False pelvis

A
  • superior

- upper pelvis and lower lumbar

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3
Q

True pelvis

A
  • inferior
  • sacrum, coccyx
  • inlet and outlet
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4
Q

Pelvic cavity

A
  • enclosed by the true pelvis- consists of pelvic inlet, walls and floor
  • continuous superiorly with abdominal cavity
  • contains support elements for urinary, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems
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5
Q

Perineum

A 
inferior to floor of pelvic cavity
its boundaries form pelvic outlet
contains and supports
-external genitalia
-external opening of genitourinary tract
- gastrointestinal systems
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6
Q

Pelvic bone

A

irregular bone

  • 2 major parts separated by oblique line
    1) Above line- lateral wall of false pelvis, and part of abdominal cavity
    2) Below line- lateral wall of true pelvis. and part of pelvic cavity
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7
Q

Components of the pelvic bone

A

1) Ilium
2) Pubis
3) Ischium

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8
Q

linea terminalis v. arcuate line

A

arcuate ligament forms part of linea teriminalis and pelvic brim

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9
Q

anteriomedial surface of iliac wing

A

iliac fossa

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10
Q

external surface of iliac wing

A

gluteal surface

-related to gluteal surface of lower limb

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11
Q

iliac crest

A 
superior margin of ilium
- attachment for muscles and fascia of 
       -back
       -lower limb
       -abdomen
terminates as 
       1) anteriorly- anterior superior iliac spine
       2) posteriorly- posterior superior iliac spine
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12
Q

lateral projection of iliac crest

A

tuberculum of iliac crest

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13
Q

thickening of posterior end of iliac crest

A

iliac tuberosity

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14
Q

anterior inferior iliac spine

A

inferior to anterior superior iliac spine
-point of attachment for rectus femoris
AND iliofemoral ligament

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15
Q

posterior inferior iliac spine

A

inferior to posterior superior iliac spine

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16
Q

Bone marrow biopsy

A 
iliac crest often used for bone marrow biopsies 
b/c
-close to surface
-palpable
-easily accessed
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17
Q

Pubis

A

anterior inferior part of pelvic bone
Parts:
1) body
2) 2 arms

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18
Q

pubic symphysis

A

where bodies of pubic bones from each side articulate with one another

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19
Q

Pubic tubercle

A

where body of pubis ends

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20
Q

pectan pubis

A

superior surface of superior pubic ramus

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21
Q

superior pubic ramus

A

projects posteriorly from pubic tubercle

-joins with ilium and ischium

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22
Q

inferior pubic ramus

A

joins with ramus of ischium

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23
Q

posterior and inferior part of pelvic bone

A

ischium

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24
Q

2 parts of ischium

A

1) body- joins with iliums and superior pubic ramus

2) ramus of ischium- joins with body of ischium and inferior pubic ramus

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25
Q

ischeal spine

A

marks posterior margin of ischium

-seperates greater and lesser siatic notches

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26
Q

ischeal tuberosity

A

posteroinferior aspect of ischium

Attachment of lower limb muscles

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27
Q

Ala

A

winglike process on sacrum

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28
Q

Promontory

A

anterior edge of sacral vertebral body

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29
Q

anterior sacral foramina

A

on anterior side of sacrum

-for anterior ramia

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30
Q

posterior sacral foramina

A

on posterior surface of sacrum

-for posterior rami

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31
Q

sacral canal

A

continuation of vertebral canal

terminates as sacral hiatus

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32
Q

articulation points of sacrum with coccyx

A

cornua

-modified articular processes

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33
Q

Zygapophyseal joint

A

joint between inferior and superior vertebral processes

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34
Q

Lumbrosacral joints

A

1) zygapophyseal joints
2) intervetebral disc
- reinforced by iliolumbar and lumbrosacral ligaments

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35
Q

iliolumbar

A

extend from transverse processes of vert L5 to ilium

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36
Q

lumbrosacral ligaments

A

extent from transverse processes of vert L5 to sacrum

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37
Q

Pelvic joints

A

1) lumbosacral joints
2) sacro-iliac joints
3) Pubic symphysis joint

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38
Q

sacro-iliac joints

A

synovial joints between articular facets of sacrum and ilium of pelvis
-interlock with irregular contours to resist movement

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39
Q

sacro-iliac ligaments

A 
stabalize sacro-iliac joints 
3 for each joint
1) anterior sacro-iliac ligament
2) interosseus sacro-iliac ligament
3) posterior sacro-iliac ligament
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40
Q

anterior sacro-iliac ligament

A

thickening of fiberous membrane surrounding joint capsule

anterior and inferior to joint

41
Q

interosseus sacro-iliac ligament

A

largest and strongest ligament of sacro-iliac ligaments
posterosuperior to joint
limits gap between ilium and sacrum

42
Q

posterior sacro-iliac ligament

A

covers interosseus sacro-iliac ligament

43
Q

Problems with sacro-iliac joint

A

degenerative changes like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease produce problems

44
Q

superior and inferior pubic ligaments

A

located above and below the pubic symphysis

45
Q

Orientation of pelvis

A

pubic symphysis lies in vertical plane

pelvic inlet faces anteriorly

46
Q

True pelvis

A

cylindrical with:

  • inlet (open)
  • wall
  • outlet (closed by pelvic wall, separating it from perineum below)
47
Q

Pelvic inlet

A

circular opening between abdominal and pelvic cavities

-completely surrounded by bones and joints

48
Q

Pelvic wall

A
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
  • pelvic bones inferior to linea terminalis
  • 2 ligaments
  • 2 muscles
49
Q

Pelvic fracture

A

can be in 3 bony rings or 4 fibro-osseous rings
-cannot break ring on one side w/o breaking other
more info on 213

50
Q

2 ligaments of pelvic wall

A

sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

  • major components of pelvic wall
  • form apertures for passage of structures through pelvic cavity
51
Q

smaller ligament of pelvic wall

A 
sacrospinous ligament
-triangular 
connects 
-apex- to ischeal spine
-base- to coccyx and sacrum
52
Q

larger ligament of pelvic wall

A 
sacrotuberous ligament
-triangular
-superficial to sacrospinous 
connects
-apex- ischeal tuberosity
-base- posterior superior iliac spine
         - coccyx and sacrum
53
Q

2 muscles of pelvic wall

A

obturator internus and piriformis

  • contribute to lateral walls of pelvic cavity
  • originate in pelvic cavity and attach to femur
  • function- lateral rotation of extended hip joint and abduction of flexed hip
54
Q

Obturator internus

A

Origin- anterolateral wall of pelvis
Insertion- medeal surface of greater trochanter of femur
Innervation- L2 and S1
Function- lateral rotation of hip joint and abduction of flexed hip

55
Q

Piriformis

A

Origin- sacrum
Insertion- greater trochanter of femur
Inervations- L5, and S1 and 2
Function- lateral rotation of extended hip joint and abduction of flexed hip

56
Q

apertures of pelvic wall

A

allow structures to pass from pelvic cavity to other regions
1) obturator canal
2 and 3) greater and lesser siatic foramen

57
Q

obturator canal

A 
at top of obturator foramen
-allow passage of obturator nerves and vessels from pelvis to thigh
bordered by obturator membrane
associated with obturator muscles
ans superior pubic ramus
58
Q

Greater siatic foramen

A

formed by greater siatic notch, sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments, and spine of ischium
Passing through:
- piriformis muscle (divides foramen into 2 parts)
- Above: superior gluteal nerves
- Below: inferior gluteal nerves and vessels
siatic nerve
pudendal nerve
internal pubendal nerve
posterior femoral cutaneus nerve
more on 215

59
Q

Lesser siatic foramen

A

formed by lesser siatic notch, ischeal spine, sacrospinous ligament and sacrotuberous ligament
Passing through:
- tendon of obturator internus to gluteal region of limb
more on 215

60
Q

Pelvic floor

A

formed by pelvic diaphram (levator ani and coccygeus), perineal membrane, muscles of deep perineal pouch,
separates pelvic cavity and perineum

61
Q

Pelvic diaphram

A

formed by levator ani and coccygeus

62
Q

Levator ani

A

Innervation: anterior rami of S4, inferior rectal branch of pudendal nerver
Function: forms pelvic floor, supports pelvic viscera, maintains rectum and anal canal, reinforces external anal sphincter, functions as vaginal sphincter

63
Q

Coccygeus

A

Origin: ischeal spine and sacrospinous ligament
Insertion: lateral margin of coccyx and sacrum
Innervation: S3 and 4
Function: contributes to pelvic floor, pulls coccyx foward after defication

64
Q

Urigenital hiatus

A

separates levator ani anteriorly

65
Q

3 collections of muscle fibers of levator ani

A

1) pubococcygeus (originates at body of pubis)
2) puborectalis (originates at pubis and forms sling around GI tract)
3) iliococcygeus (originates obturator internus muscle)

66
Q

Steps of Defication

A

1) Begins with closure of anal sphincter and abdominal muscle contracts causing increase in abdominal pressure
2) circular muscles of rectal wall undergo wave contraction
3) feces emerges and longitudinal muscles of rectum and levator ani contract to expel feces

67
Q

perineal membrane

A
  • thick fascia
  • triangular structure
  • attached to pubic arch
68
Q

deep perineal pouch

A

contains layer of skeletal muscle and varius nerovascular elements

69
Q

Muscles within the deep perineal pouch

A

1) extra urethral sphincter
2) deep transverse perineal
3) compressor urethrae
4) sphincter urethrovaginalis
innervated by perineal branches of pudendal nerve

70
Q

Extra urethral sphincter

A

Origin: inferior ramus of pubis on both sides to deep perineal pouch
Insertion: surrounds membranous urethera
Innervation: pudendal nerve
Function: compresses membranous urethera

71
Q

Deep transverse perineal

A

Origin: medial aspect of ischeal ramus
Insertion: peineal body
Innervatoin: pudendal nerve
function: stabilizes perineal body

72
Q

Compressor urethrae

A

only in women
Origin: ischiopubic ramus on both sides
Insertion: connects to other side anterior to urethera
Innervation: pudenal nerve
function: accessory sphincter of urethera

73
Q

Sphincter urethrovaginalis

A

women only

origin: perineal body
insertion: blends with one from other side to anterior to urethera
innervation: pudenal nerve
function: closes vagina, accessory sphincter of urethera

74
Q

Perineal body

A 
connective tissue structure
muscles of pelvic floor and perineum attach to it
-deep transverse perineal muscles intersect
muscles connecting to it:
-external anal sphincter
-sphincter urethrovaginalis 
-superficial transverse perineal muscles
-bulbospongiosus muscles of perineum
75
Q

Episiotomy

A

cutting of perineal body during childbirth to help head of baby get through vagina
-less common now
medial episotomy-

76
Q

Viscera of Pelvis

A
  • part of GI
  • urinary system
  • reproductive system
77
Q

Part of GI in pelvis

A

terminal part of sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal

78
Q

Rectum

A

begins at end of sigmoid at S3, ends at pelvic floor to become anus
-follows contour of sacrum
3 curvatures - upper, lower and middle

79
Q

rectal ampulla

A

expanded lower part of rectum

80
Q

anal canal

A

begins at end of rectal ampulla at the pelvic floor

  • terminates as the anus
  • surrounded by internal and external sphincters (to keep it closed)
  • features reflect those of anococcygeal membrane in fetus
81
Q

upper anal canal

A

-lined by mucosa

has anal columns seperated by anal sinuses that are united by anal valves

82
Q

Anal pectan

A

after upper anal canal

  • lined by non-keritinized stratifies squamous epithelium
  • ends at white line, where the lining becomes true skin
83
Q

pelvic urinary system

A

ends of ureters to proximal part of urethera

84
Q

Ureters

A

pass through pelvic inlet anterior to bifurcation of common iliac arteries
more on 221

85
Q

Bladder

A 
three sided pyramid shaped
expands into ab cav when full
Parts:
-apes
-inferolateral surfaces
-superior surface
-trigone
-median umbilical ligament 
-internal uretheral orifice
-base
86
Q

neck of bladder

A

surrounds origin of urethera
anchored by fibromuscular bands, connecting it to pubic bone
-women- called pubovesical ligaments
-men- puboprostatic ligaments- b/c connect w/ prostate that surrounds urethera

87
Q

bladder in children

A

in ab, goes into pelvis with age

88
Q

Bladder cancer

A

most common tumor of urinary tract
may spread to nearby structures (uterus, rectum, prostate)
may obstruct ureters, causing kidney failure

89
Q

Bladder stones

A

stones from kidney get into bladder and get bigger, may cause problems emptying bladder, causing infection and making bigger stones

90
Q

Suprapubic catheterization

A

cathertizing bladder through ab wall

91
Q

Urethera in women

A

4 cm long
track: passes through pelvic floor into perineum, through deep perineal pouch, opens at vestibule between labia minora (anterior to vaganal opening)
has Skene’s glands (mucous glands)

92
Q

Urethera in men

A 
20 cm long
track: passes through prostate, deep perineal pouch, root of penis, makes 2nd bend in flaccid penis 
4 parts:
1. preprostatic
2. prostatic 
3. membranous
4. spongy
93
Q

Preprostatic part

A

1st part of urethera in men
1 cm long
base of bladder to prostate
interurethral spincter, prevents semen from entering bladder

94
Q

prostatic

A 
3 cm long
uretheral crest (longitudinal mucosa fold)
95
Q

Membranous part

A

passes through deep perineal pouch

surrounded by external urethral sphincter

96
Q

Spongy urethera

A

surrounded by erectile tissue

97
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

errectile tissue of penis

98
Q

Bladder infection

A

more common in women
bladder becomes inflamed
<1 yr old, may spread to kidneys

Anatomy (6 decks)

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