Unit 1

Question 0

3 types of blood vessels

Answer 0

Arteries
Veins
capillaries

Question 1

Main parts of cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Heart and blood vessels

Question 2

Blood vessel wall layers

Answer 2

Tunic externa- outer, connective tissue
Tunic media - middle, smooth muscle
Tunic intima- inner, endothelial lining

Question 3

Artery classes

Answer 3

Large elastic arteries- elastic fibers in tunic media, expand and recoil during cardiac cycle, ex. Aorta
Medium muscular arteries- tunic media with smooth muscle, control flow to body selectively, ex femoral
Small arteries- control filling of capillaries, creat arterial pressure in vascular system

Question 4

3 vein classes

Answer 4

Large veins- thick tunic externa, ex. Vena cava
Small and medium- thick tunic externa, ex. Deep veins in forearm
Venules- smallest, drain capillaries

Question 5

Lacteals

Answer 5

Intestinal lymphatic capillaries

Question 6

Milky lymph fluid leaving small intestine

Answer 6

Chyle

Question 7

Protien coated lipid droplets in lymph

Answer 7

Chylomicrons

Question 8

How does lymph move

Answer 8

Mainly through action of adjacent structures, like skeletal muscle and arteries

Question 9

Where does lymph drain

Answer 9

Drains into veins in neck

Question 10

Structural arrangement of nervous system

Answer 10

CNS and PNS

Question 11

Functional arrangement of nervous system

Answer 11

Somatic and visceral

Question 12

CNS parts

Answer 12

Brain
Spinal cord
Meninges

Question 13

Brain parts

Answer 13

Cerebral hemispheres
Cerebellum
Brain stem

Question 14

Parts of cerebral hemisphere

Answer 14

Gray matter -outer-cell bodies
White matter -inner-axons
Ventricles-spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 15

Meneges

Answer 15

Surround, protect and suspend brain and spinal cord

Question 16

3 layers of meninges

Answer 16

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
(Subarachnoid space-cerebrospinal fluid) 
Pia matter
(Brain)

Question 17

Somatic

Answer 17

Division of CNS
Innervates structures
Receives and responds to environmental signals

Question 18

Brain stem parts

Answer 18

Pons, medulla, midbrain, diencephalon

Question 19

Ganglions

Answer 19

Where cell bodies are found

Question 20

Enteric nervous system

Answer 20

Controls the GI tract, independently of the CNS
Modulated by the CNS
Enteric controls...
Peristalsis
Secretomotor
Vascular tone

Question 21

Dermatomes

Answer 21

Cells from specific somite develop into the dermis of the skin
Somites enter posterior spinal cord at specific level, and become part of specific spinal nerve
“Dermatome-area of skin supplied by a single spinal level”

Question 22

Myotomes

Answer 22

Somatic motor nerves originally associated with a specific somite
Emerge from anterior spine
“Myotome-portion of skeletal muscle Innervated by a single spinal cord level”
Myotomes are harder to test than dermatomes, bc each skeletal muscle is usually Innervated by multiple spinal levels

Question 23

Somatic

Answer 23

Innervates structures derived from Semites in embryo
Receives and responds to info from external environment
Functional division of nervous system

Question 24

Visceral

Answer 24

Innervates organs and other visceral elements (smooth muscle, glands, in peripheral body regions)
Detects and responds to internal environment
Derived from neural crest
2 parts- sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 25

Somites

Answer 25

Arranged in segments along each side of the neural tube

Somatic nerves arise segmentally along the developing CNS in association somites

Question 26

Motor neurons

Answer 26

CNS to PNS

Develop from neurons within the spinal cord

Question 27

Sensory neurons

Answer 27

PNS to CNS

Develop from neural crest cells

Question 28

Parasympathetic

Answer 28

Rest and normal function, Innervates viscera only

Part of visceral part of nervous system

Question 29

Sympathetic

Answer 29

Fight or flight, Innervates peripheral body regions and viscera
Part of visceral part of nervous system

Question 30

Synonym for motor nerves

Answer 30

Efferent

Question 31

Synonym for sensory nerve

Answer 31

Afferent

Question 32

2 joint types

Answer 32

Synovial and solid

Question 33

3 cartilage types

Answer 33

Hyaline- in articulate surfaces of bone, moderate amount of collagen
Elastic- ear, collagen and elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage- ground substance with a lot of collagen, intervertebral disks

Question 34

Synovial

Answer 34

Connections between skeletal components that involve an articular cavity
Joint capsule with inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous membrane

Question 35

Synovial joint types

Answer 35

Plane-sliding or gliding
Hinge- movement around one axis, flexion and extension
Pivot- movement around one axis, alantoaxial joint (between atlas and axis in neck)
Bicondylar- move mostly in one axis, limited in other, knee
Condylar- movement on 2 right angle axis, wrist
Saddle- movement around 2 right angle axis, saddle shape. Wrist
Ball and socket- movement around mult axes, hip

Question 36

Solid joints

Answer 36

Connections between skeletal elements that link directly, usually fibrocartilage, more restricted than synovial 
2 types-
1 Fiberous- 
      1 sutures, skull
      2 gomphosis, teeth
      3 syndesmosis, interosseous members- between radius and ulna
2 cartilaginous 
      1 synchondrosis, growth plate
      2 symphysis intervertebral disks

Question 37

Atherosclerosis

Answer 37

Chronic inflammatory reaction in arterial walls, with deposition of fatty acids and proteins.

Question 38

Referred pain

Answer 38

When sensory info comes in one spinal cord location, but is interpreted by the CNS as from somewhere else