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Anatomy > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

0
Q

9 region pattern

A

Right and left hypochondrium
Right and left flank
Right and left groin
Epigastric, umbilical and pubic regions

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1
Q

4 quadrant pattern

A

Right and left upper quadrants

Right and left lower quadrants

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2
Q

Quadrants and interior anatomy

A

Right upper - liver and gallbladder
Left upper- stomach and spleen
Right lower- cecum and appendix
Left lower- end of descending colon and sigmoid colon

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3
Q

Planes of nine region pattern

A

Midclavicular planes, subcostal plane and intertubercular plane

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4
Q

Abdominal wall boundaries

A

Superiorly- Xiphoid process and costal margins
Posteriorly- vertebral column
Inferiorly- upper parts of pelvic bones

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5
Q

Layers of abdominal wall

A

Skin, superficial fascia, muscles and deep fascia, extraperitoneal fascia, parietal peritoneum

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6
Q

Superficial fascia

A

layer of fatty connective tissue
usually single layer, forms two layers below umbilicus
1. Camper’s fascia
2. Scarpa’s fascia

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7
Q

Campers fascia

A

Part of superficial fascia- superficial fatty layer- super fatty, continuous with fascia of the thigh, men- continues into penis, forms dartos fascia in scrotum, women- continuous with labia majora

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8
Q

Scarpa’s fascia

A

Part of superficial fascia- deep membranous layer- thin, not much fat, continues shortly below inguinal ligament (where its called fascia lata), attaches to linea alba and pubic symphysis, also forms Colles’ fascia in perineal membrane, where it attaches to ischiopubic rami
men- blends with superficial over penis, also forms dartos fascia, help form fundiform ligament of penis, women- labia majora and perineum

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9
Q

Anterolateral muscles

A

5 total
3 flat- internal and external oblique, and transversus abdominis
2 vertical- rectus abdominis and pyramidalis

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10
Q

Flat muscles

A

3 anterolateral, replaced by aponerosis near , innervated by anterior rami of lower 6 thoracic spinal nervres, all compress abdominal contents

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11
Q

Vertical muscles

A

2 muscles, enclosed by tendentious sheath formed by aponerosis of flat muscles

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12
Q

Function of anterolateral muscles

A
  1. maintenance of physiological functions
    • quiet and forced expiration (pushing viscera upward)
    • coughing and vomiting
    • partutition (childbirth), micturition (urination) and defication
  2. hold abdominal viscera in abdominal cavity
  3. protect viscera from injury,
  4. maintaining position of viscera in erect posture
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13
Q

Eternal oblique

A

flat, anterolateral muscle

  • most superficial of flats
  • origin: muscle slips of outer surface of lower 8 ribs
  • insertion: iliac crest and linea alba
  • innervation: lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves
  • function: compresses abdominal contents, bending trunk to same side, turning anterior abdomen to same side
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14
Q

Inguinal ligament

A

formed by lower border of external oblique, ligament folds back on itself to form the inguinal canal

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15
Q

lacunar ligament

A

extension of inguinal ligament, crescent shaped, attaches to pecten pubis of pubic bone

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16
Q

Cooper’s ligament

A

formed by fibers from the lacunar ligament, runs along pectan pubis to pelvic brim

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17
Q

Internal oblique

A

deep to external oblique

origin: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament
insertion: inferior border of lower 3 ribs, aponeurosis ending in linea alba, pubic crest and pectineal line
innervation: anterior rami of lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves
function: compress abdominal contents, flex and bend trunk, turns anterior abdomen to same side

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18
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

deep to internal oblique

origin: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament, costal cartilage of lower 6 ribs
insertion: aponerosis ending in linea alba, pubic crest, pectoral line
innervation: anterior rami of lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves
function: compression of abdominal contents

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19
Q

Gallbladder

A

on visceral surface on right side of liver
fundus- rounded end, projects from inferior border of liver
body- against transverse colon and superior to duodenum
neck- narrowest part
Arterial supply- cystic artery from right hepatic artery
Function- receives, concentrates and stores bile from liver

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20
Q

Pancreas

A 
Posterior to stomach
in retropareteneal cavity
uncinate process- inferior to head
head- within C shaped area of duodenum
neck
body- connects neck to tail
tail- passes between splenorenal ligament
Pancreas originated from dorsal and ventral buds of foregut
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21
Q

Pancreatic duct

A

begins at tail of pancreas

joins with bile duct at heptopancreatic ampulla

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22
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

joining of pancreatic duct and bile duct
enters descending duodenum at major duodenal papilla
surrounded by sphincter of ampulla (collection of smooth muscles)

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23
Q

accessory pancreatic duct

A

empties into duodenum at minor duodenal papilla

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24
Q

Annular pancreas

A

If dorsal and ventral buds of foregut do not fuse, they may constrict the duodenum, and may cause it to be absent, causing the child to vomit and be sickly

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25
Q

Pancreatic oragins

A

dorsal bud- forms head, neck, body

ventral bud- forms part of head and uncinate process

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26
Q

Pancreatic cancer

A

tumors occur anywhere in pancreas, but usually head and neck, causing nonspecific symptoms. May obstruct common bile duct, causing jaundice. Usually found after its spread to portal vain and into liver and lymph nodes. other stuff on pg 170

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27
Q

Duct system for bile

A

Liver -> gallbladder -> descending duodenum
right and left hepatic ducts join to form common hepatic duct, joins with cystic duct from gallbladder to form bile duct, joins with pancreatic duct to enter descending duodenum
omental formamen is posterior to these structures

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28
Q

Gallstones

A

mixture of cholesterol and pigment, that may undergo calcification, may lodge in neck of gallbladder. Then the gallbladder cannot empty normally, and pain occurs

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29
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

removal of gallbladder, sometimes because of gallstones

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30
Q

cholecyst

A

inflamed gallbladder, pain may refer to right shoulder.

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31
Q

Jaundice

A

yellow discoloration of the skin, caused by excessive bile pigment in plasma. Any obstruction of the biliary tree can cause it.

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32
Q

Spleen

A
  • develops as part of the vascular system in dorsal mesentary
  • spleen lies against diaphragm, in area of ribs 9 to 10
  • in left upper quadrant and left hypochondrium
  • connects to: greater curvature of stomach by gastrosplenic ligament (contains short gastric and gastro-omental vessels) AND left kidney by splenorenal ligament (contains splenic vessels) -> both ligaments are part of greater omentum
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33
Q

splenic hilum

A

entry point for splenic vessels, on medial surface of spleen

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34
Q

stuff surounding spleen

A

diaphram, stomach, kidney, visceral peritoneum (except on splenic hilum)

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35
Q

Spleen arterial supply

A

spleenic artery from celiac trunk

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36
Q

2 categories of spleenic disorders

A
  1. rupture

2. splenic enlargement

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37
Q

splenic rupture

A

occurs if there is localized trauma to the left upper quadrant, thin capsule makes it susceptible to damage.
Bleeds a lot due to high vascularization

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38
Q

Splenetic enlargement

A

Since spleen is part of reticuloedothelial system, diseases of the system (leukemia, lymphoma) may produce spleen enlargement (splenomegaly)

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39
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Spleen enlargement

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40
Q

Abdominal aorta

A
  • begins at aortic hiatus of diaphragm (at lower border of T12)
  • descends through abdomen
  • ends at L4
  • > branches into 2 common iliac arteries
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41
Q

anterior aortic branches

A

superior to inferior:
Celiac trunk
Superior mesentaric artery
Inferior mesentaric artery

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42
Q

3 primitive gut tube divisions and components

A
  1. foregut- supplied by celiac trunk; abdominal esophagus -> ends inferior to major duodenal papilla
  2. midgut- supplied by superior mesenteric artery
  3. hindgut- suplied by inferior mesenteric; arterior left colic flexure -> ends midway through anal canal
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43
Q

Foregut

A

supplied by celiac trunk abdominal esophagus -> inferior to major duodenal papilla (includes: esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, kind of spleen)

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44
Q

Midgut

A

supplied by superior mesenteric artery; begins inferior to major duodenal papilla -> transverse colon (includes: part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, some of transverse colon)

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45
Q

Hindgut

A

suplied by inferior mesenteric; arterior left colic flexure -> ends midway through anal canal (includes: left 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper anal canal)

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46
Q

Anterior aorta

A 
Terminal branches (2 common iliac arteries)
3 anterior branches:
1. celiac trunk
2. superior mesenaric artery
3. inderior mesentaric artery
47
Q

Celiac trunk

A 
arises immediately after aortic hiatus through diaphram
anterior to vertebra L1
supplies foregut
Immediately divides into 3 branches
1. left gastric
2. splenic 
3. common hepatic
48
Q

Left gastric artery

A

smallest branch of celiac trunk

  • esophageal branches go upwards to abdominal part of esophagus
  • left gastric artery turns right to and descends along lesser stomach curvature to lesser omentum
  • > supplies both stomach surfaces and merges with right gastric artery
49
Q

esophageal branches of left gastric artery

A

come from left gastric artery (which comes from the celiac trunk), go upwards to abdominal esophagus, some continue through esophageal hiatus to connect with esophageal branches of thoracic aorta

50
Q

splenic artery

A

largest branch of celiac trunk

  • travels along superior border of pancreas in splenorenal ligament and divides into branches that enter hilum of spleen
  • also branches into pancreas
  • short gastric arteries which go to the fundus of the stomach
  • left gastro-omental artery- runs on greater curvature of stomach and anastomoses with right gastro-omental artery
51
Q

common hepatic artery

A 
medium sized branch of celiac trunk
divides into 2 terminal branches
1. hepatic artery proper
2. gastroduodenal artery
more on pg 174
52
Q

hepatic artery proper

A

ascends towards liver, to left of bile duct, anterior to portal vein
divides into right and left hepatic arteries
right hepatic artery gives off cystic artery to gall bladder

53
Q

Superior mesenteric artery

A 
2nd anterior branch of abdominal artery
Branches: 
1. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery 
2. jujunal and ileal arteries 
3.middle colic artery
4. right colic artery 
5. ileocolic artery
54
Q

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

A

1st branch of superior mesenteric artery
divides into anterior and posterior branches, which ascend into same sides of pancreas.
Network supplies head and uncinate process of panceas of duodenum

55
Q

Jujunal and ileal arteries

A

large number of them arise off of superior mesenteric artery.
pass between 2 layers of mesentary.
form arcades to supply the small inestine
image pg 176

56
Q

vasa recta

A

branch from terminal arcade

supply small intestine

57
Q

Middle colic artery

A

branch of superior mesentaric artery, emerges below pancreas

enters transverse mesocolon-> divides into right and left branches

58
Q

right colic artery

A

branch of superior mesentaric artery
passes into the retroparitineum to supply to ascending colon
more on pg 176

59
Q

Ileocolic artery

A

final branch from right side of the superior mesenteric artery, divides into superior and inferior branches:

  1. superior branch- passes along ascending colon, anastomoses with right colic artery
  2. Inferior branch- continues toward ileocolic junction, dividing into 4 branches:
    - colic (supplies ascending colon)
    - cecal (supply cecum)
    - appendicular (mesoappendix and appendix)
    - ileal (supplies ilium)
60
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery

A

branch of abdominal aorta supplying hindgut
smallest branch, branches off aorta at L3
3 main branches
1. left colic artery
2. sigmoid arteries
3. superior rectal arteries
more on page 177

61
Q

Venous drainage

A

all gastrointestinal tract except for rectum is drained via the portal system- that delivers blood to the liver
blood travels through hepatic sinusoids -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava

62
Q

Portal vein

A

formed by union of splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

divides into right and left branches as it approaches the liver

63
Q

Splenic vein

A 
forms from small vessels leaving hilum of spleen. joins with superior mesenteric vein to form portal vein.
Tributaries:
1. short gastric veins
2. left gastro-omental vein
3. pancreatic veins 
4. inferior mesenteric vein
64
Q

Superior mesenteric vein

A

Drains blood from:

  1. small intestine
  2. cecum
  3. cecum
  4. ascending colon
  5. transverse colon
65
Q

Inferior mesenteric vein

A

drains blood from rectum, sigmoid colon, descending colon, splenic flexure
Begins as superior rectal vein

66
Q

Hepatic cirrhosis

A

cirrosis is a complex liver disorder
cirrosis implies previous or continuing liver cell damage
often manifests as jaundice.
pg 179

67
Q

Lymphatics

A

pre-aortic lymph nodes

68
Q

Centents passing through the posterior abdominal region

A
  1. abdominal aorta and associated nerves
  2. inferior vena cava
  3. symapthetic trunk
  4. lymphatics
69
Q

Features of lumbar vertebra

A
  • largest
  • short pedicles
  • long transverse processes
  • large, stubby spinous processes
  • large articular processes
70
Q

boundries of posterior abdominal wall

A

formed by

  • upper margin of sacrum
  • iliac bones and related muscles
  • ribs 11 and 12 (rib 11- posterior to superior left kidney, rib 12-posterior to superior part of both kidneys)
71
Q

Joints of sacrum and ilium

A

sacro-iliac joints

72
Q

Muscles forming boundaries of posterior abdominal wall

A

medially- psoas major and minor muscles
laterally- quadratus lumborum muscle
inferiorly- iliacus muscle
superiorly- diaphagm

73
Q

Psoas major

A

Origin: lateral surface of vertebral bodies T12 and L1 to L5, transverse process of lumbar vertebrae, intervertebral disks of T12 to L5
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur
Innervation: anterior rami L1 to L3
Function: flexion of thigh at hip joint

74
Q

Psoas minor

A

sometimes not present
Origin: lateral surface T12 to L1 and disks
Insertion: pectoral line of pelvic brim and iliopubic eminence
Innervation: anterior rami of L1
Function: weak flexion of lumbar vertebral column

75
Q

Quadratus lumborum

A

fills space between ribs 12 and iliac crest
Origin: transverse process of L5, ilioculumbar ligament and iliac crest
Insertion: transverse process of L1 to L4 and inferior border of rib 12
Innervation: anterior rami of T12, L1- L4
Function: rib 12 (depresses and stabilizes), laterally bends trunk

76
Q

Iliacus

A

fills iliac fossa, and passes into thigh
Origin: iliac fossa, sacro-iliac and iliocolumbar ligaments and iliac crest
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
Innervation: femoral nerver
Function: flexation of thigh at hip joint

77
Q

muscles flexing thigh at hip joint

A

iliopsoas - psoas major and iliacus

78
Q

Diaphragm

A

musculotendinios sheet, forms superior boundary of posterior abdominal region
seperates abdominal and thoracic cavities
anchored to vertebra by musclotendinous cruca:
1. right crus (attached to bodies of vertebras L1 to L3 and disks)
2. left crus (attached to vertrebra L1 and 2 and disks)

79
Q

ligament connecting right and left crus

A

median arcuate ligament, passes over aorta (tendinous arch anterior to aorta)

80
Q

tendinous arch lateral to crura

A

medial arcuate ligament, 2nd tendinous arch, attached to L1 and L2

81
Q

3rd tendinous arch

A

lateral arcuate ligament, formed by fascia covering quadratus lumborum, attached to transverse process of L1 and rib 12

82
Q

Structures passing through or around diaphagm

A

Aorta-aortic hiatus-passes at vertebra T12, posterior to median acuate ligament, left of midline; other things in aortic hiatus:
-thoracic duct
-azygos vein
Esophagus- esophageal hiatus, at T10
other things in esophageal hiatus:
-anterior and posterior vegus trunks
-lymph vessels
-left gastric artery and vein
Inferior vena cava- caval opening, at T8 with:
-right phrenic nerve
Left phrenic nerve, passes on its own in left side of diaphragm
cruca- greater and lesser splenctic nerves
left crus- hemiazygos vein
posterior to medial arcuate ligament- sympathetic trunk of least splanchnic nerves
anterior to diaphram- superior epigastric nerves

83
Q

Domes

A

left and right domes of diaphagm
-formed by upward pushing of abdominal contents, and fibrous pericardium
Right: formed by liver
Left: fundus of stomach

84
Q

Diaphragm and breathing

A

inspiration- diaphragm contracts, causing inferior drawing of central tendon- flattening diaphragm, increasing thoracic cavity space

85
Q

innervation of diaphragm

A

phrenic nerves

86
Q

Psoas muscle abcess

A

since psoas connects to intervertebral disc, disc may become infected and form mass

87
Q

Diaphragm hernias

A

may be caused by failed fusion of 4 embryological diaphragm parts
Common types:
1. Morgagni’s hernia- on right, between xiphoid process and costal margins
2. Bochdalek’s hernia- on left, where pleuroperitoneal cavity fails to close paericardioperitineal canal
3. may also occur in central tendon or esophageal hiatus
1 and 2 usually appear shortly after birth, and should be surgically closed, b/c otherwise bowels may enter thoracic cavity and interfer with breating

88
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

when esophogeal hiatus is lax, allowing fundus of stomach to herniate into posterior mediastinum

89
Q

Kidney location

A

retroparetenial in posterior abdominal region, in extraperitineal connective tissue, extend from T12 to L3. Right kidney is lower than left b/c liver

90
Q

Right Kidney in relation to other structures

A

be able to draw figure on 190

91
Q

extraperitaneal fat outside of renal capsul

A

peritaneal fat

92
Q

fascia enclosing the peritaneal fat

A

renal fascia, fuse with diaphragm fascia and inferiorly- enclose ureters

93
Q

fat that accumulated posteriorly and posterlaterally to each kidney

A

pararenal fat

94
Q

kidney vascularization

A 
renal artery (right and left)
renal vein (right and left)
95
Q

Lymph drainage of kidney

A

lumbar nodes

96
Q

Ureters

A

muscular tubes transporting urine from kidneys to bladder- continuous superiorly w/ renal pelvis

97
Q

Renal pelvis

A

formed by condensation of major cylices

98
Q

ureteropelvic juntion

A

at hilum of kidney- where renal pelvis and ureter connect

99
Q

Constrictions of ureters (3)

A

1- ureteropelvic junction
2- ureters crossing common iliac vessels at pelvic brim
3- ureters enter wall of bladder
-where kidney stones lodge

100
Q

Ureteric vasculature

A

upper end- renal arteries
middle- abdominal aorta, common iliac arteries
pelvic cavity- internal iliac

101
Q

Lymph drainage of kidneys

A

Upper- lumbar nodes
Middle- lymph nodes of common iliac vessel
inferior- nodes of external and internal iliac vessels

102
Q

Uretic innervation

A

by nerves that follow blood vessels

  • renal, aortic and superior hypogastric
  • inferior hypogastric plexuses
103
Q

Urinary tract stones

A

crystalline agates of calcium, phosphate, urate and other salts
form when urine becomes saturated w/ salts and salts precipitate

104
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

105
Q

urinary tract cancer

A

usually indicators that there is cancer in the kidneys- more on pg 193

106
Q

Kidney transplant

A

usually put new kidney in iliac fossa

107
Q

Suprarenal glands

A 
at superior pole of each kidney
Components:
1. outer cortex
2. innermedulla
right- shaped like a pyramid
left- semilunar shaped, larger
surrounded by perinephric fat and enclosed in renal fascia
thin septum separates gland from kidney
108
Q

Branches of abdominal aorta

A

1) visceral- supply organs
2) posterior- diaphragm and abdominal wall
3) terminal- at the end

109
Q

Visceral branches of abdominal aorta

A 
celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesentaric 
paired:
1) middle suprarenal arteries
2) renal arteries
3) ovarian or testicular arteries
110
Q

Posterior branches of abdominal aorta

A

supply diaphragm or abdominal wall

  • inferior phrenic
  • lumbar
  • medial sacral arteries
111
Q

Inferior phrenic arteries

A

imediatly inferior to aortic hiatus

-supply suprarenal gland and inferior surface of diaphragm

112
Q

Lumbar arteries

A

usually 4 pairs

-supply spinalcord

113
Q

Medial sacral artery

A

fianl posterior branch

114
Q

Abdominal aortic stent graft

A

putting some of femoral artery inside the aorta to stop it from rupturing

115
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

returns blood from all structures below the diaphragm

116
Q

Will it sync

A

Hopefully

Anatomy (6 decks)

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