Unit 3

Question 0

Thorax functions

Answer 0

Houses and protects-heart, lungs, great vessels
Conduit for structures passing from neck to abdomen
Plays principle role in breathing
Provides support for upper limbs

Question 1

Parts of thorax

Answer 1

Wall
2 pleural cavities
Lungs
Mediastinum

Question 2

Pectoral region compartments

Answer 2

1) superficial- skin,superficial fascia and breasts

2) deep- muscle and associated structures

Question 3

Converged ducts of mammillary glands

Answer 3

Lactiferous ducts
Where ducts and secretory lobules converge
15 to 20 open independently to nipple

Question 4

Circular pigmented area around nipple

Answer 4

Areola

Question 5

Ligaments in breast

Answer 5

Suspensory ligaments of breast
Convergences of stroma
Contiguous with dermis of skin
Support breasts

Question 6

Lactating v non lactation

Answer 6

Lactating, mostly glandular tissue

Nonlactating, mostly fat

Question 7

Loose connective tissue behind breast

Answer 7

Retomammary space
Separates breasts from deep facia
Provides for movement of underlying structures

Question 8

Breast attachment

Answer 8

Vertically ribs 2 to 6

Transversely sternum to mid axial line

Question 9

Projection of breast under lateral margin

Answer 9

“Axillary process of breast”
Projection of breast under lateral margin of pectoris major into axilla
May perforate deep facia

Question 10

Arterial supply of breasts

Answer 10

1. Laterally- vessels from axillary artery
   - superior thoracic
   - thoracoacromial
   - lateral thoracic
   - subscapular
2. Medially- branches from internal thoracic
3. 2nd to 4th intercostal arteries

Question 11

Venous drainage of breast

Answer 11

Parallels arteries

Drain to auxiliary vein, internal thoracic vein, intercostal vein

Question 12

Innervation of breast

Answer 12

2nd to 6th intercostal nerve, anterior and lateral cutaneous branches

Question 13

Nipple Innervation

Answer 13

4th intercostal nerve

Question 14

Breast cancer develops in…

Answer 14

acini
Lactiferous ducts
Lobules

Question 15

Breast cancer spread by…

Answer 15

Lymph vessels

Veins direct invasion

Question 16

Textures of subcutaneous breast cancer

Answer 16

Peau d’orange
Cancer en cuirasse
- hard wood texture, rarer, more advanced cancer stage

Question 17

Pectoral muscles

Answer 17

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius muscles
Originate- anterior thoracic wall
Insertion- upper limb bones
Form anterior wall of axilla

Question 18

Clavipectoral fascia

Answer 18

Layer of cutaneous deep facia
Encloses pectoris minor and subclavius muscles
Attaches to clavicle above and floor of axilla below

Question 19

6 boundaries of axilla

Answer 19

1. Base, axillary fascia and skin of armpit
2. Apex, 1st rib, clavicle, superior part of scapula,
   Where structures enter and leave arm
3. Anterior wall, pectoris major and minor
4. Posterior wall, subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi
5. Medial wall, upper rib cage
6. Lateral wall, proximal humerous

Question 20

Pectoralis major

Answer 20

Origin, medial half of clavicle, sternum, superior 6 costal cartilages
Insertion, intertubercular groove of humerous
Innervation, lateral and pectoral nerves
Action, flexes, adducts, medically rotates arm and shoulder, extension of flexed arm

Question 21

Pectoralis minor

Answer 21

Origin, ribs 3-5
Insertion, scapula
Innervation, medial pectoral nerve
Action, depresses and stabilizes scapula

Question 22

Serratus anterior

Answer 22

Origin, upper 8 ribs
Insertion, medial border of scapula
Innervation, long thoracic nerve
Action, rotates scapula upward and pulls it anterior towards thoracic wall

Question 23

Subclavius

Answer 23

Origin, Junction of 1st rib and costal cartilage
Insertion, inferior surface of clavicle
Innervation, nerve to subclavius
Action, depresses clavicle

Question 24

Deltoid

Answer 24

Origin, lateral 1/3rd of clavicle, spine of scapula
Insertion, deltoid tuberosity of humerous
Innervation, axillary nerve
Action
Anterior, flexed and medically rotates arm at shoulder
Middle, abducts arm at shoulder
Posterior, extends and laterally rotated arm at shoulder

Question 25

Mediastinum regions

Answer 25

1. Superior(great vessels)
2. Inferior
   
   • anterior, deep to sternum
   • middle, heart in pericardial sac
   • posterior, deep to heart, descending thoracic aorta, thoracic lymph duct, esophagus