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AP Psychology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Stress has been linked to
physiological issues such as

A

hypertension,
headaches, and immune suppression

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2
Q

Stressors can be viewed as

A

motivating (eustress) or
debilitating (distress)

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3
Q

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

A

are sources of stress
that can affect a person throughout the lifespan

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4
Q

General Adaption Syndrome

A

Identified by Hans Selye

Our stress response system defends, then fatigues

Phase 1- Alarm reaction (stressor occurs)
Phase 2- resistance to stress; only lasts so long
Phase 3- Exhaustion; recovery; prone to illness

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5
Q

The tend-and-befriend theory

A

proposes that some people react to stress by tending to their own needs and/or the needs of others and seeking connection with others

More common in women

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6
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

involves seeing stress as a problem to be solved and working solutions until a solution is found

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7
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

involves managing emotional reactions to stress as a means of coping. Strategies that are emotion-focused may include deep breathing, meditation, or taking medication aimed at reducing stressful emotional responses

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8
Q

Positive Psychology

A

seeks to identify factors that lead to well-being, resilience, positive emotions, and psychological health

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9
Q

A classification of character strengths has been developed around 6 categories of virtues:

A

wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence

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10
Q

Posttraumatic growth

A

a positive subjective experience, may result after the
experience of trauma or stress

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11
Q

What are factors used to identify
psychological disorders?

A

Level of dysfunction, perception of distress, and deviation from the social norm

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12
Q

Most psychologists employ which approach when diagnosing and treating clients

A

Eclectic Approach (using more than one psychological perspective)

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13
Q

What would the Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective say causes a disorder?

A

Internal, unconscious drives, root in
childhood

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14
Q

What would a Humanistic perspective say causes a disorder?

A

Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings, being too sensitive to others’ criticisms/judgments, lack of positive regard as a child

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15
Q

What would a Behavioral perspective say causes a disorder?

A

Reinforcement history, the environment. At some point the abnormal behavior has been rewarded or reinforced & is now an established pattern of behavior

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16
Q

What would a Cognitive perspective say causes a disorder?

A

Irrational, illogical, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking lead us to misperceive the world (leading to abnormal behavior)

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17
Q

What would a Sociocultural perspective say causes a disorder?

A

Society & culture help define what is acceptable behavior

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18
Q

What would the Biological/Neuroscience perspective say causes a disorder?

A

Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions (very popular in US right now)

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19
Q

The evolutionary perspective proposes?

A

that the causes of mental disorders focus on behaviors and mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survival

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20
Q

The biopsychosocial model assumes?

A

that any psychological problem potentially involves a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

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21
Q

The diathesis-stress model assumes?

A

that psychological disorders develop due to a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) in combination with stressful life experiences (stress)

22
Q

ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

A

Description- persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity interfering with daily functioning

Prevalence- 11% and more common in males

Cause/Risk- genetics, drugs and alcohol, brain structure

23
Q

Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder; ASD)

A

Description- challenges in social interaction, communication, and restricted, repetitive behaviors

Prevalence- 2.3% and more common in males

Cause/Risk- genetic mutations, parental exposures (toxins, infections), and older parents

24
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Description- hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired social functioning

Prevalence- about 1% and slightly more common in men but fairly equal

Cause/Risk- genetics, parental complications, early childhood trauma, and dopamine dis regulation

25
Q

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

A

Description- persistent low mood, loss of interest or pleasure, fatigue, and feelings of worthlessness lasting at least 2 weeks

Prevalence- 8% and more common in women

Cause/Risk- genetics, chronic stress, hormonal imbalances, and brain structure

26
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

A

Description- chronic depression lasting for at least 2 years but with less severe symptoms of MDD

Prevalence- 15-20% and more common in women

Cause/Risk- genetics, chronic stress, and bad childhood experiences

27
Q

Bipolar Diorder

A

Description- mood swings b/n manic/hypomanic episodes (elevated mood/energy) and depressive episodes

Prevalence- 2.5% and equal

Cause/Risk- genetics, neurotransmitter imbalances, and stressful life events

28
Q

Phobia

A

Description- intense fear of a specific object or situation, disproportionate to the actual threat

Prevalence- 10% and more common in women

Cause/Risk- traumatic experiences, learned behavior, and genetics

29
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Description- fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult, often leading to avoiding public places

Prevalence- 2% and more common in women

Cause/Risk- panic disorder, trauma, and genetics

30
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Description- recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and fear of future attacks

Prevalence- 3% and more common in women

Cause/Risk- genetics, stress, and changes in brain chemistry

31
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Description- intense fear of social situations due to fear of being judged or embarrassed

Prevalence- 10% and more common in women

Cause/Risk- genetics, negative social experiences, and brain abnormalities

32
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

Description- excessive worry about various aspects of life, lasting 6 months or more

Prevalence- 5% and more common in women

Cause/Risk- genetics, chronic stress, and brain structure

33
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

Description- recurrent obsessions (intrusive thoughts), and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors) causing distress

Prevalence- 1.5% and almost equal but slightly more common in women

Cause/Risk- genetics, serotonin imbalances, and early trauma

34
Q

Hoarding Disorder

A

Description- persistent difficulty discarding possessions, leading to clutter and distress

Prevalence- 4% and equal

Cause/Risk- family history, trauma, and attachment issues

35
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Description- disruptions in memory, identity, or consciousness, often linked to trauma

36
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Description- inability to recall important personal information, usually related to trauma

Prevalence- 1% slightly more common in women

Cause/Risk- severe trauma, abuse, or stress

37
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

Description- presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states

Prevalence- 1.5% and more common in women

Cause/Risk- severe and prolonged trauma or abuse

38
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

Description- mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, characterized by intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and emotional numbing

Prevalence- 8% and more common in women

Cause/Risk- trauma, genetics, brain structure

39
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Description- An eating disorder characterized by severe restriction of food intake, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image

Prevalence- 0.6% and more common in women

Cause/Risk- genetics, serotonin disregulation, perfectionism, low self esteem, family history, social media

40
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Description- An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating but then compensatory behaviors (vomiting, exercise) to avoid gaining weight

Prevalence- 0.3% and more common in women

Cause/Risk- genetics, hormonal imbalances, depression, anxiety, impulsivity

41
Q

Personality disorders

A

Enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experiences that deviate from societal expectations and are grouped in 3 clusters

42
Q

Personality Disorder Cluster A

A

Description- paranoia, schizoid, schizotypal personality disorders

Prevalence- 6% and equal but slightly more common in men

Cause/Risk- genetic link to schizophrenia, childhood trauma or neglect

43
Q

Personality Disorder Cluster B

A

Description- narcissistic, antisocial, histrionic personality disorders

Prevalece- 4% and more common in women

Cause/Risk- childhood abuse/neglect, genetics, temperament

44
Q

Personality Disorder Cluster C

A

Description- Avoidant, dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorders

Prevalence- 6% and more common in men

Cause/Risk- overprotective or neglectful upbringing, family history

45
Q

Psychologists in clinical or therapeutic situations must follow certain ethical principles as established by the APA, including..?

A

nonmaleficence, fidelity, integrity,
and respect for people’s rights and dignity

46
Q

Psychodynamic Therapy

A

attempt to help clients find patterns in their emotions, thoughts, and beliefs in order to gain insight into their current self

47
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

forming a clear idea of your own thoughts, attitudes and expectations. The goal is to recognize and change false and distressing beliefs

48
Q

Behavioral Therapy

A

a range of treatments and techniques which are used to change an individual’s maladaptive responses to specific situations

49
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

treatment approach for a range of mental and emotional health issues, including anxiety and depression. Aims to help you identify and challenge unhelpful thoughts and to learn practical self-help strategies

50
Q

Humanistic Therapy

A

a range of different types of therapy that focus on a person as an individual with unique potential and abilities. This type of therapy is more focused on helping them overcome their difficulties through personal growth

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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