Unit 5 Flashcards
Stress has been linked to
physiological issues such as
hypertension,
headaches, and immune suppression
Stressors can be viewed as
motivating (eustress) or
debilitating (distress)
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
are sources of stress
that can affect a person throughout the lifespan
General Adaption Syndrome
Identified by Hans Selye
Our stress response system defends, then fatigues
Phase 1- Alarm reaction (stressor occurs)
Phase 2- resistance to stress; only lasts so long
Phase 3- Exhaustion; recovery; prone to illness
The tend-and-befriend theory
proposes that some people react to stress by tending to their own needs and/or the needs of others and seeking connection with others
More common in women
Problem-focused coping
involves seeing stress as a problem to be solved and working solutions until a solution is found
Emotion-focused coping
involves managing emotional reactions to stress as a means of coping. Strategies that are emotion-focused may include deep breathing, meditation, or taking medication aimed at reducing stressful emotional responses
Positive Psychology
seeks to identify factors that lead to well-being, resilience, positive emotions, and psychological health
A classification of character strengths has been developed around 6 categories of virtues:
wisdom (knowlege, creativity, open mindedness, perspective), courage (honesty, bravery, and percerverence), humanity (kindeness, love, social intelligence), justice (Fairness, leadership, teamwork), temperance (Forgiveness, modesty, prudence and self regulation), and transcendence (Appreciation of beauty, gratitude, hope, humor)
Posttraumatic growth
a positive subjective experience, may result after the
experience of trauma or stress
What are factors used to identify
psychological disorders?
Level of dysfunction, perception of distress, and deviation from the social norm
Most psychologists employ which approach when diagnosing and treating clients
Eclectic Approach (using more than one psychological perspective)
What would the Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective say causes a disorder?
Internal, unconscious drives, root in
childhood
What would a Humanistic perspective say causes a disorder?
Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings, being too sensitive to others’ criticisms/judgments, lack of positive regard as a child
What would a Behavioral perspective say causes a disorder?
Reinforcement history, the environment. At some point the abnormal behavior has been rewarded or reinforced & is now an established pattern of behavior
What would a Cognitive perspective say causes a disorder?
Irrational, illogical, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking lead us to misperceive the world (leading to abnormal behavior)
What would a Sociocultural perspective say causes a disorder?
Society & culture help define what is acceptable behavior
What would the Biological/Neuroscience perspective say causes a disorder?
Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions (very popular in US right now)
The evolutionary perspective proposes?
that the causes of mental disorders focus on behaviors and mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survival
The biopsychosocial model assumes?
that any psychological problem potentially involves a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
The diathesis-stress model assumes?
that psychological disorders develop due to a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) in combination with stressful life experiences (stress)
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
Description- persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity interfering with daily functioning
Prevalence- 11% and more common in males
Cause/Risk- genetics, drugs and alcohol, brain structure
Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder; ASD)
Description- challenges in social interaction, communication, and restricted, repetitive behaviors
Prevalence- 2.3% and more common in males
Cause/Risk- genetic mutations, parental exposures (toxins, infections), and older parents
Schizophrenia
Description- hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired social functioning
Prevalence- about 1% and slightly more common in men but fairly equal
Cause/Risk- genetics, parental complications, early childhood trauma, and dopamine dis regulation
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Description- persistent low mood, loss of interest or pleasure, fatigue, and feelings of worthlessness lasting at least 2 weeks
Prevalence- 8% and more common in women
Cause/Risk- genetics, chronic stress, hormonal imbalances, and brain structure
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
Description- chronic depression lasting for at least 2 years but with less severe symptoms of MDD
Prevalence- 15-20% and more common in women
Cause/Risk- genetics, chronic stress, and bad childhood experiences
Bipolar Diorder
Description- mood swings b/n manic/hypomanic episodes (elevated mood/energy) and depressive episodes
Prevalence- 2.5% and equal
Cause/Risk- genetics, neurotransmitter imbalances, and stressful life events
Phobia
Description- intense fear of a specific object or situation, disproportionate to the actual threat
Prevalence- 10% and more common in women
Cause/Risk- traumatic experiences, learned behavior, and genetics
Agoraphobia
Description- fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult, often leading to avoiding public places
Prevalence- 2% and more common in women
Cause/Risk- panic disorder, trauma, and genetics
Panic Disorder
Description- recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and fear of future attacks
Prevalence- 3% and more common in women
Cause/Risk- genetics, stress, and changes in brain chemistry
Social Anxiety Disorder
Description- intense fear of social situations due to fear of being judged or embarrassed
Prevalence- 10% and more common in women
Cause/Risk- genetics, negative social experiences, and brain abnormalities
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Description- excessive worry about various aspects of life, lasting 6 months or more
Prevalence- 5% and more common in women
Cause/Risk- genetics, chronic stress, and brain structure
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Description- recurrent obsessions (intrusive thoughts), and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors) causing distress
Prevalence- 1.5% and almost equal but slightly more common in women
Cause/Risk- genetics, serotonin imbalances, and early trauma
Hoarding Disorder
Description- persistent difficulty discarding possessions, leading to clutter and distress
Prevalence- 4% and equal
Cause/Risk- family history, trauma, and attachment issues
Dissociative Disorders
Description- disruptions in memory, identity, or consciousness, often linked to trauma
Dissociative Amnesia
Description- inability to recall important personal information, usually related to trauma
Prevalence- 1% slightly more common in women
Cause/Risk- severe trauma, abuse, or stress
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Description- presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states
Prevalence- 1.5% and more common in women
Cause/Risk- severe and prolonged trauma or abuse
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Description- mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, characterized by intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and emotional numbing
Prevalence- 8% and more common in women
Cause/Risk- trauma, genetics, brain structure
Anorexia Nervosa
Description- An eating disorder characterized by severe restriction of food intake, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image
Prevalence- 0.6% and more common in women
Cause/Risk- genetics, serotonin disregulation, perfectionism, low self esteem, family history, social media
Bulimia Nervosa
Description- An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating but then compensatory behaviors (vomiting, exercise) to avoid gaining weight
Prevalence- 0.3% and more common in women
Cause/Risk- genetics, hormonal imbalances, depression, anxiety, impulsivity
Personality disorders
Enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experiences that deviate from societal expectations and are grouped in 3 clusters
Personality Disorder Cluster A
Description- paranoia, schizoid, schizotypal personality disorders
Prevalence- 6% and equal but slightly more common in men
Cause/Risk- genetic link to schizophrenia, childhood trauma or neglect
Personality Disorder Cluster B
Description- narcissistic, antisocial, histrionic personality disorders
Prevalece- 4% and more common in women
Cause/Risk- childhood abuse/neglect, genetics, temperament (mood changes very suddenly)
Personality Disorder Cluster C
Description- Avoidant, dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorders
Prevalence- 6% and more common in men
Cause/Risk- overprotective or neglectful upbringing, family history
Psychologists in clinical or therapeutic situations must follow certain ethical principles as established by the APA, including..?
nonmaleficence (not harming the patient), fidelity (faithfulness), integrity, and respect for people’s rights and dignity
Psychodynamic Therapy
attempt to help clients find patterns in their emotions, thoughts, and beliefs in order to gain insight into their current self
Cognitive Therapy
forming a clear idea of your own thoughts, attitudes and expectations. The goal is to recognize and change false and distressing beliefs
Behavioral Therapy
a range of treatments and techniques which are used to change an individual’s maladaptive responses to specific situations
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
treatment approach for a range of mental and emotional health issues, including anxiety and depression. Aims to help you identify and challenge unhelpful thoughts and to learn practical self-help strategies
Humanistic Therapy
a range of different types of therapy that focus on a person as an individual with unique potential and abilities. This type of therapy is more focused on helping them overcome their difficulties through personal growth
Neurodevelopment Disorders
A group of disorders that begin in the developmental period. Symptoms focus on whether the person is exhibiting behaviors appropriate for their age or maturity rage
Hypnosis
Has shown effectiveness in treating pain and anxiety. Research doesn’t support that it will retrieve accurate memories
Psychoactive Medications
Antidepressants, Anti-anxiety drugs, lithium, or antipsychotic medications interact with specific neurotransmitters in the central nervous system to address possible biochemical causes of mental disorders. They can have side effects such as tardive dyskinesia (a movement disorder related to the regulation of dopamine in the nervous system)
American Psychiatric Association
Developed the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of mental disorders
The World Heath Organization
developed the International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD) to classify disorders
