Unit 0 Flashcards
Psychodynamic Perspective (also known as psychoanalytic Theory)
developed by Sigmund Freud and it involves laying in a room talking to a theripist about thier feelings. It focuses on the unconsious mind and early childhood experiences and how this could impact our personality
Free Assosiation
How Freud observed the Psychoanalytic Theory by seeing how different words or images trigger other ideas, words, or pictures. He believed this was a way for us to look into the deeper meaning and impact our past has on us today
Behaviorism
believed by B.F. Skinner, John B. Watson, and Ivan Pavlov, this perspective focuses on how the environment shapes our observable behavior (without looking into the mental processes). This can be shown through conditioning techinques like Reinforcement (reinforces behavior making it more likely to happen)and Punishment (punishes behavior so it is less likely to happen)
Sociocultural Perspective
focuses on a person’s experiences and influences in thier lives was influenced by culture. Looks into how cultural norms (expectaitons and rules) can shape behavior and themselves in general. It gives us insight into different behaviors across different cultures
Humanistic Perspective
led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Moslow, our potential as humans to grow as individuals. It is an optimistic approach becuase it focuses on free will and a person’s desire to move toward self-actualization (when a person is motivated to reach their full potential)
Cognitive Perspective
Foucuses on how we interpret, process, and remember info (our inner thoughts) and how this influences our behavior
Biological Perspective
which focuses on how our biological (how our brain is wired) links with our psychological processes to impact our behavior
Biopsychosocial Perspective
focuses on interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding our behavior and mental processes (mix of sociocultural and biological perspectives)
Evolutionary Perspective
preposed by Charles Darwin, how natural selection and adaption can influence/shape our behavior
Cultural Norms
shared rules and guidlines within a community that dictate appropriate and acceptable behaviors in society
Expectations-
the anticipated behaviors and roles people are expected to fulfill based on the cultural norms
Circumstances
the situations people find themselves in that may include socio-economic factors, historical events, and where they live
Confirmation Bias
tendancy to seek info that aligns with our thinking while at the same time dismissing info that challenges our beliefs. This can lead to polarized thinking and prevention of considering new info that are different from thier beliefs
Hindsight Bias
tendency to think that we could have anticipated the outcome of an event or experiment after it already occured (they think they could have predicted it)
Overconfidence Bias
tendency to overestimate one’s knowledge, likelyhood of being right, or ablilities to preform certain tasks
Experiemental Mothodology
systematic approach that is designed to be carried out under controlled conditions, with the goal of having a hypothosis to test and have a relationship b/n independent and dependent variable
Non-experimental Methodologies
not a controlled experiment, they describe behavior but can’t explain it (can’t explain a causing relationship b/n the independent and dependent variables)
Case studies
examines a person or group of people, event, or situation to provide detailed info and insight. Can be affected by the Hawthorne effect, which is when they know they are being observed and they may change their behavior
Correlational Studies
allow reserchers to gain insight into the relationship b/n 2 variables and can help determine the strength of the relationship (does NOT mean causation bc that would have to be through an experiement)
Third Variable
when an outside variable, 3rd variable, imacts the study
Meta-analysis Study
statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies on the same topic to reach a conclusion (studies studies that have been already been recorded)
Naturalistic Observation Study
when the resercher observes people in the real world setting, goal being to try and gather data by observing people in thier environments (doesn’t have any impact or control)
Hypothesis
a specific, testable prediction about the relationship b/n 2 or more variables
Thoery
is supported by data from research that has been completed and explains a question, thought, or phenomena
Operational Definitions
outline the exact procedured used in the study and outlines how the variables are measuered or manipulated in the study
Independent Variable
the thing that is being manipulated or controlled by the researcher (cause)
Dependent Variable
the outcome that is measured in the study (effect)
Confounding Variables
factors other than the indepented variable that could impact the dependent variable
Population vs. Sample
Population- the entire group that the research is studying
Sample- selected group of people in a population that are selected to represent the population in the study
Random Sampling (random selection)
when researchers choose random people out of the group to participate in a study (everyone has an equal chance)
Stratified Sampling
when the population is divided into different subcategories and a random sample is taken from those subcatigories
Representative Sample
the sample group in the study represnets all the different people in the population
Sampling Bias
when the sample group that is representing the population in the study doesn’t represent the entire population (some poeple have a higher chance at getting picked than others)
Convinient Sampling
when people are selected to participate in a study based on their availability (can lead to sampling bias)
Generalizability
the extent to which the findings of a study can be applied to the larger population
Experiment Group
the group in an experiment that recieves the independnt variable
Control Group
the “normal” group, or the group that is being compared to the experiment group
Random Assignment
when participants are ranomly assigned to be part of the control or experiment group
Quasi Experiment
experiment that doesn’t include the random assignment of participants. Can’t determine cause and effect
Single-blind procedure
when participants in the study don’t know wether they are in the experiment or control group and this helps to prevent the social desirability bias and placebo effect (think they are improving when they actually weren’t given the real independent variable)
Social Desirability Bias
when participants change their answers to create a more favorable impression of themselv
Double-Blind Procedure
when the participants and reserchers don’t know who is the experimental group or controlled group to make sure experimenter bias and social desirability bias don’t occur
Experimenter Bias
when researcheres’ expectations, preferences, or beliefs influence the outcome of the study (usually does it unknowinlgly)
Qualitative Measures
collection of non-numerical data that provide detailed, descriptive insights into participants thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Quantitative Measures
collection of numerical data that can be statistically analyzed to identify different relationships, patterns, and differences
Informed Concent
they must be told the necissary information, the risks of the study, and be free to decide if they want to participate or not
Informed Assent
when the participant is not legally able to provide full concent on their own, usually becuae they are a minor (have to have thier gardians agree too)
Peer Review
a part of evaluating the outcome of research, where other experts in the field assess the research study’s methodolgy, data, and conclusions before publishing
Replication
other people conducting the study agian, which allows others to check the original findings and verify the results
Descriptive Statistics
when researchers organize and describe data, where researchers are describing the data that is collected
Inferential Statistics
when researchers make predictions about thier data and independent variables and this helps them to determine if the data from a sample can be applied to a population
Null Hypothesis
a claim that there is no effect of difference b/n the variables, this serves as a baseline for testing
Alternative Hypothesis
claims that there is an effect or difference b/n the variable
Effect Size
tells us the strength of the relationship b/n variables. Tells us how big or meaningful the differences or relationshop is in a study (how much they matter)
Statistically significance
tells us wether the results are real or due to chance
Frequency Distibution Table
how often sets of data occur (numbers on a table or scatterplot)
Histogram
another way researchers display data (like a bar graph but no spacing b/n bars or pie chart)
Central Tendency
Mean (sum of all values and divide by amount of numbers), median (score is in the middle of the data set), and mode (number that occurs more often)
Range
need to take the highest value point and the lowest value point and subtract them
Standard Deviation
researchers indicate the average distance from the mean for a data set
Positive Correlation
positive relationship, one variable increases and the other also increases
Negative Correlation
negatice relationship, one variable increases and the other decreases which shows an inverse relationship
