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AP Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nature V.S. Nurture

A

Heredity and environmental factors work together to shape behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Heredity (Nature)

A

Genetic characteristics that influence physical, behavioral, and mental traits and processes

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3
Q

Environmental (Nurture)

A

The external factors that someone experiences like family intersections or education

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4
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Shows how natural selection affects the expression of behavior and mental processes to increase survival and reproductive success. Some theorists apply principles of the evolutionary perspective in ways that discriminate against others

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5
Q

Identical V.S. Fraternal Twin

A

Identical- Individuals who developed from a single fertilized egg that split in 2 creating 2 genetically identical organisms (generally are more alike in personalities)

Fraternal- individuals who developed from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary siblings.

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6
Q

Separated Twins

A

Twins we separate and reunited to find that they act similar but bc t get were given different things and one was given more of the access to things the other didn’t have

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7
Q

Interaction

A

The exchange that occurs when the effect of 1 factor (environment) depends on another (heredity)

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8
Q

Epigenetics

A

environments can influence genetic expression (w/out DNA change). Environmental factors like diet, drugs, and stress affect epigenetic molecules that regulate expression. Trauma and poverty, or malnourishment can leave fingerprints on a person’s gnome and may be passed down (epigenetic changes) some argue that this isn’t true tho. Tied through genes, but come out in environment

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9
Q

Genes

A

Are self regulating. Are not deterministic they are probabilistic (higher probability to get something) but not determined

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10
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Includes brain and spinal cord, all connected

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11
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Outer part of body, hands and feet. Messages sent from central nervous system (includes autonomic and somatic system)

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12
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary processes such as heartbeat, breathing (includes sympathetic and parasympathetic)

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13
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Calms the body

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14
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Arouses the body, springing into action, alerting of danger (think flight or flight)

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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Governs processes that are done voluntarily or on purpose

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16
Q

Neurons

A

Neural cells that transmit information

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17
Q

Glial Cells

A

Cells that provide structure such as insulation, communication, waste transportation

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18
Q

These types of cells form the basis of the nervous system and are the building blocks of all behavior and mental processes

A

Neuron an Neural Firings

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19
Q

Spinal cord and reflex arc

A

sensory neurons of a reflex arc synapse, a space where neurons connect and send signals to the other, in the spinal cord. Allows faster actions by activating spinal motor neurons instead of delaying reaction time by signals first having to go to the brain

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20
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carryon incoming info from the body’s issues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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22
Q

Interneurons

A

Communicate between sensory and motor

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23
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive messages from neurons

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24
Q

Nucleus and Soma

A

Keep cells alive

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25
Q

Axon

A

Sends messages to dendrites

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26
Q

Axon Terminals

A

Send to next one

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27
Q

Myelin Sheaths

A

Wraps around all the neurons and allows electrical impulses to transmit along the nerve cells.

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28
Q

Action (resting) potential

A

A neuron’s relaxation state

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29
Q

Depolarization

A

when the cell’s charge becomes positive, or less negative and allows an action potential (nerve impulse) to occur

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30
Q

Threshold

A

The level of stimulation, activation feeling or senses, required to trigger a neural impulse

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31
Q

The All-or-Nothing Principle

A

The action of either firing (with full or strong response) or not firing at all. How hard effects amount of neurons; more pain, more nervous

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32
Q

Refractory Period

A

A brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired

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33
Q

Reuptake (Inhibitor)

A

A neurotransmitter’s reabsorbtion by the sending neuron (reabsorb neuron sent). Disruptions to process can lead to disorders like mulliate sterosis or myasthenia gravis

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34
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Every neurotransmitters has specific functions that relate to behavior/mental process. Depends on its location in nervous system

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35
Q

Dopamine

A

Movement, learning, attention and emotion. Oversupply leads to schizophrenia, undersupply leads to pankinson’s disease

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36
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood, hunger, sleep and arousal (undersupply leads to depression)

37
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Alertness and arousal

38
Q

Glutamate

A

Major exititaory (excited) neurotransmitter; memory. Oversupply - migraines and seizures

39
Q

GABA

A

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply- seizures, tremors.

40
Q

Endorphins

A

Influence the perception of pain and pleasure

41
Q

Substance P

A

Involved in pain perception and immune response. OS can lead to chronic pain

42
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Muscle action, learning, memory
Undersupply- Alzheimer’s

43
Q

Adrenaline

A

Stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Part of the “flight or fight” response (oxytocin facilitates childbirth)

44
Q

Leptin

A

Appetite and weight control (lower appetite )

45
Q

Grelin

A

Increased appetite. Level rises if person is not eating enough

46
Q

Melatonin

A

Response to darkness, helps maintain circadian rhythm (natural sleep pattern)

47
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Neurotransmitter drugs influence neural communication, acting as agonists, antagonists, or reuptake inhibitors. They can cause psychological and physiological effects, leading to tolerance and addiction, causing withdrawal symptoms.

48
Q

Stimulants

A

Such as caffeine, cocaine
Cause increase of neural activity

49
Q

Depressants

A

Alcohol, decrease neural activity

50
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Marijuana, psilocybin (“magic mushrooms”) distortions if perception/cognition

51
Q

Opioids

A

Heroin, act as pain killers

52
Q

The Brain Stem

A

Including medulla, generally controls basic functioning such as breathing and heart rate

53
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Reticular activating system and the brain’s reward center generally control some voluntary movement, eye movement, some types of learning, cognition and emotion. Very important for alertness, Damage to area can cause coma

54
Q

Thalamus

A

Egg-shaped structure in middle of brain. Filters motor (movement) and sensory info (all senses EXCEPT smell) from body to brain

55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Area of brain that controls body temp, hunger, thirst

56
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Small, pea-sized endocrine gland located at base of brain below hypothalamus releases important hormones and controls function of many others (regulates growth)

57
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of the brain that is associated primarily with memory

58
Q

Amygdala

A

Part of the brain responsible for pain, anger fear, motivation

59
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Ensures that both sides of the brain can communicate/ send signals to each other

60
Q

Lobes of Cortex (frontal lobe)

A

The way you think, move, remember, social skills, behave, advanced rational thought

Located behind forehead

61
Q

Oxytocin

A

Facilitates childbirth

62
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Process of sense of touch and other senses

Located at the top of the brain

63
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual spatial processing, distance to depth perception, color, visual memory

Located in the back of the brain

64
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Emotions, processing info from senses, storing and retrieving memories, understanding (hearing) language

Located on the side of the brain

65
Q

Split Brain Research (severing corpus callosum)

A

Reveals less R hemisphere brain may specialize in different activities functions (brain lateralization)

66
Q

Left and Right side of brain

A

Left side of the brain controls the right side of the body as well as speech and language

Right side of the brain controls the left side of the body as well as math and science

67
Q

Damage to Borca’s Area leads to…

A

Broca’s area is in charge of speech production so damage to this area causes trouble with speaking (can’t get words out)

68
Q

Damage to Wernicke’s area

A

Responsible for comprehensible speaking so damage to this causes the person’s speaking to not make sense

69
Q

Brain Placticity

A

Brains rewires and modifies itself or creates connections throughout development and allows for function of damaged part of brain to be assumed by a different part of the brain (can find something else to learn as it fails)

70
Q

Circadian Rythem

A

The sleep/wake cycle (24 hour cycle)
We normally get tired between 2-4pm and 3-4am

71
Q

Stages of sleep

A

Identified by EEG (a test that records the activity or the brain) patterns:
Awake- short and fast
Sleeping stages- 1,2,3&4, REM
(we go through this cycle throughout the night

72
Q

REM

A

Were dreams occur and happens more at the end of the night

73
Q

REM Rebound

A

When sleep someone is sleep deprived then they go to sleep they will have more REM sleep and will dream more

74
Q

Activism Synthesis

A

Dreams come from emotional things (like fear) theory

75
Q

Consolidation Theory

A

In your sleep going through and organizing it your day. Converting short-term memories into longer-term memories by strengthening neural connections)

76
Q

Insomnia

A

Affected person may not be able to fall asleep and wake up during the night

77
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden sleep attacks as well as overwhelming drowsiness (to from awake to REM)

78
Q

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

A

When the muscle parálisis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. People who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep (especially disturbing dreams)

79
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision speech and bladder

80
Q

Brain Lateralization

A

Different regions of the brain “take over” the functioning of specific behaviors and cognitive skills

81
Q

Limbic System

A

Part of the brain involved in our behavior and emotional responses

82
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops and they need to use a machine that pushes air through their lungs

83
Q

Tolerance

A

When the body is able to tolerate something or get used to it (drugs) and it can lead to addiction and people consuming more

84
Q

Withdrawal

A

The physical and mental symptoms that a person has when they suddenly stop or cut back on an addictive substance

85
Q

Antagonist/Agonist

A

Agonists- encourage natural firing

Antagonists- discourages neural firing

86
Q

Medulla

A

The bottom part of the brain and is where brain and spinal cord connect making it key for nerve signals to go to body and helps with heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure

87
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls coordination of muscle movement, balance (10% of brain)

88
Q

Natural Experiment

A

carried out in natural conditions and the research is unable to manipulate the IV so they examine the effect of a naturally occurring variable on the dependent variable (DV).

89
Q

Observational Experiment

A

researchers collect information from participants or look at data that was already collected

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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