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Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

A way of making babies with only one parent. The kids are exact copies of the parent.

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2
Q

Genes

A

Instructions in your DNA that decide how your body works and looks.

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3
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Making babies with two parents. The kids get a mix of traits from both parents.

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4
Q

Gametes

A

Special cells like sperm and eggs used in sexual reproduction.

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5
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of the same gene, like blue or brown for eye color.

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6
Q

Meiosis

A

A special process where cells divide to make sperm or egg cells with half the usual number of chromosomes.

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7
Q

Chromosome Number

A

The total number of chromosomes in a cell. Humans usually have 46.

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8
Q

Diploid Number

A

The full set of chromosomes in normal body cells. For humans, it’s 46.

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9
Q

Haploid Number

A

Half the number of chromosomes, found in sperm and egg cells. For humans, it’s 23.

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10
Q

Germ Cell vs. Somatic Cell

A

• Germ Cell: Cells that make sperm or eggs.
• Somatic Cell: All the other cells in your body.

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11
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Pairs of similar chromosomes, one from mom and one from dad.

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12
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Two identical copies of the same chromosome stuck together.

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13
Q

Meiosis I

A

The first step in meiosis where pairs of chromosomes are split up.

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14
Q

Meiosis II

A

The second step in meiosis where the copies (sister chromatids) are split up.

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15
Q

Prophase I

A

The start of meiosis. Chromosomes get together in pairs, and the cell gets ready to divide.

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16
Q

Crossing Over

A

When paired chromosomes trade small pieces of DNA with each other.

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17
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

The mixing of DNA to make new, unique combinations. This is why kids don’t look exactly like their parents or siblings.

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18
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different versions (alleles) of a gene, like one for brown eyes and one for blue.

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19
Q

Dominant

A

A gene that shows up even if there’s only one copy of it.

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20
Q

Recessive

A

A gene that only shows up if both copies are the same.

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21
Q

Genotype

A

The genes you have (your genetic code).

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22
Q

Phenotype

A

What you look like or how you act because of your genes (your traits).

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23
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

A genetic mix looking at just one trait, like eye color.

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24
Q

Test Cross

A

A way to figure out if something is carrying a hidden (recessive) gene by crossing it with a recessive one.

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25
Law of Segregation
Each parent gives one copy of a gene to their baby.
26
Dihybrid Cross
A genetic mix looking at two traits, like eye color and hair color.
27
Law of Independent Assortment
Genes for different traits (like height and hair color) are passed on separately.
28
Linkage Groups
Genes that are close together on a chromosome and usually get passed on together.
29
Linkage Groups
Genes that are close together on a chromosome and usually get passed on together.
30
Incomplete Dominance
When neither gene is fully in charge, so you get a mix (like red + white = pink flowers).
31
Co-dominance
When both genes show up equally, like a red and white spotted flower.
32
Multiple Alleles
When a gene has more than two versions, like blood type (A, B, O).
33
Epistasis
One gene can hide or change the effect of another gene.
34
Pleiotropy
One gene affects many traits, like a gene that controls skin, hair, and eye color.
35
Continuous Variation
When traits show a range, like height or skin color.
36
Locus (Loci)
The specific spot where a gene is found on a chromosome.
37
Homozygous
Having two of the same version (alleles) of a gene, like two for blue eyes.
38
Pedigrees
A family tree that shows how traits (like diseases) are passed down over generations.
39
Autosomal Dominant
• A mode of inheritance where a single copy of a dominant allele on an autosome (non-sex chromosome) is sufficient to express a trait. Both males and females are equally affected.
40
Autosomal Recessive
• A mode of inheritance where two copies of a recessive allele, one from each parent, are required to express a trait. Males and females are equally affected.
41
X-linked Dominant
The gene is on the X chromosome, and you only need one copy to have the trait.
42
X-linked Recessive
• The gene is on the X chromosome, and it mostly affects boys.
43
Huntington’s Disease
• A disease that affects the brain, caused by a dominant gene. Autosomal dominant
44
Albinism
• A condition where someone has very light skin, hair, and eyes due to missing pigment. Autosomal ressesive
45
Red-Green Colorblindness
• Trouble telling the difference between red and green colors. X linked ressesive
46
Hemophilia
• A condition where blood doesn’t clot properly.
47
Duplication
• A part of a chromosome is copied too many times.
48
Deletion
• A part of a chromosome is missing.
49
Inversion
• A part of a chromosome is flipped the wrong way.
50
Inversion
• A part of a chromosome is flipped the wrong way.
51
Translocation
• A part of a chromosome moves to the wrong place.
52
Polyploidy
• Extra sets of chromosomes (more than two sets).
53
Polyploidy
• Extra sets of chromosomes (more than two sets).
54
Non-disjunction
• Chromosomes don’t separate properly, causing extra or missing ones.
55
Down’s Syndrome
• Caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
56
Turner Syndrome
• A girl is missing one of her X chromosomes.
57
Law of segregation
The Law of Segregation means that each parent gives only one of their two alleles to their offspring.
58
Law of independent assortment
The way the chromosomes line up is random
59
Continuous variation
Influenced by multiple alleles
60
X-linked traits in humans
Hemophilia =blood doesn’t clot causing bleeding out more common in men Color blindness=men can’t see color no other x
61
Autosomal traits in humans
Dimples Attached earlobes Widows peak Albino
62
Chromosome mutations
Deletion mutation Duplication mutation Inversion mutation Translocation mutation
63
Deletion mutations
A part of a chromosome is lost or deleted. This can lead to the loss of important genetic information, which can cause disorders or developmental issues.
64
Duplication mutation
A segment of a chromosome is repeated, resulting in extra copies of that part of the chromosome. This can lead to an imbalance in the gene dosage.
65
Inversion mutation
A segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. This does not involve the loss or gain of genetic material but can disrupt gene function or the chromosome’s structure.
66
Translocation mutation
A segment of one chromosome is transferred to a different, non-homologous chromosome. This can cause problems during cell division and lead to diseases like cancer or genetic disorders.
67
Linked genes
are genes located close together on the same chromosome.
68
Why do linked genes not follow independent assortment
because they tend to be inherited together as a unit, forming a linkage group. The closer the genes are on the chromosome, the more likely they are to be inherited together, reducing genetic diversity in offspring for those traits.
69
How does crossing over break linked genes
It creates genetic diversity randomly
70
When does Non disjunction occur
Happens in anaphase 1 They don’t split right causing it
71
Two trisomy diseases
Down syndrome trisomy 21 Patau syndrome trisomy 13
72
Monosomy diseases
Turner’s syndrome monosomy x Edwards syndrome monosomy 18
73
4 ways genetic diversity happens
Deletion mutation Duplication mutation Inversion mutation Translocation mutation Crossing over Law of segregation Law of independent assortment
74
Somatic cell
Anything that’s not a gamete
75
Germ cell
Reproduction cell haploid
76
Germ cell
Reproduction cell haploid
77
Formula to figure out how many combos out of chromosome pairs
2^what ever amount of pairs there is

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