Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a Cell?
A
The basic unit of life.
2
Q
What is Tissue?
A
A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
3
Q
What is an Organ?
A
A structure made up of different types of tissues that work together.
4
Q
What are Organ Systems?
A
Groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions.
5
Q
What is a Population?
A
A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area.
6
Q
What is a Community?
A
All the different populations that live together in a specific area.
7
Q
What is an Ecosystem?
A
A community of living organisms and their interactions with their environment.
8
Q
What is a Producer?
A
An organism that can make its own food, typically through photosynthesis.
9
Q
What is a Consumer?
A
An organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms.
10
Q
What is Homeostasis?
A
The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism.
11
Q
What are Bacteria?
A
Single-celled prokaryotic organisms that can be found in various environments.
12
Q
What are Archaea?
A
Single-celled prokaryotic organisms that often live in extreme environments.
13
Q
What is a Prokaryote?
A
An organism whose cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
14
Q
What is a Eukaryote?
A
An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
15
Q
What is a Protist?
A
A diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms, which can be unicellular or multicellular.
16
Q
What is a Plant?
A
Multicellular eukaryotes that typically produce their own food through photosynthesis.
17
Q
What is Fungus/Fungi?
A
A group of eukaryotic organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.
18
Q
What is an Animal?
A
Multicellular eukaryotes that are typically motile and consume organic material.
19
Q
What is a Hypothesis?
A
A proposed explanation for a phenomenon, which can be tested through experimentation.
20
Q
What is Homeostasis?
A
The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.
21
Q
What are Bacteria?
A
Single-celled prokaryotic organisms that can be found in various environments.
22
Q
What are Archaea?
A
Single-celled prokaryotic organisms that often live in extreme environments.
23
Q
What is a Prokaryote?
A
An organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
24
Q
What is a Eukaryote?
A
An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
25
What is a Protist?
A diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms, which can be unicellular or multicellular.
26
What is a Plant?
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that typically produce their own food through photosynthesis.
27
What is a Fungus/Fungi?
A group of eukaryotic organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.
28
What is an Animal?
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are typically motile and consume organic material.
29
What is a Hypothesis?
A proposed explanation for a phenomenon, which can be tested.
30
What is an Experiment?
A scientific procedure undertaken to test a hypothesis.
31
What is a Theory?
A well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world.
32
What is the Scientific Method?
A systematic approach to inquiry that involves observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and conclusion.
33
What is a Control Group?
The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment.
34
What is an Experimental Group?
The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or intervention.
35
What is Sampling Error?
The error that occurs when a sample does not accurately represent the population.
36
What is an Independent Variable?
The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.
37
What is a Dependent Variable?
The variable that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable.
38
What is an atom?
The basic unit of a chemical element.
39
What are protons?
Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
40
What are neutrons?
Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
41
What are electrons?
Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.
42
What is the nucleus?
The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.
43
What is atomic number?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, defining the element.
44
What are elements?
Pure substances consisting of only one type of atom.
45
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
46
What is mass number?
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
47
What is radioactive decay?
The process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation.
48
What is the shell model (Bohr model)?
A model of the atom that depicts electrons in fixed orbits around the nucleus.
49
What is an ion?
An atom or molecule that has a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
50
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms bonded together.
51
What is an ionic bond?
A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges.
52
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
53
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.
54
What is a polar covalent bond?
A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms.
55
What is polarity?
The distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond.
56
What is a hydrogen bond?
A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
57
What is a solvent?
A substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.
58
What are solutes?
Substances that are dissolved in a solvent.
59
What does hydrophilic mean?
Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.
60
What does hydrophobic mean?
Having a tendency to repel or fail to mix with water.
61
What is cohesion?
The attraction between molecules of the same substance.
62
What are hydrogen ions (H+)?
Positively charged ions formed when hydrogen atoms lose their electrons.
63
What are hydroxide ions (-OH)?
Negatively charged ions consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom.
64
What are acids?
Substances that donate protons (H+) in a solution.
65
What are bases?
Substances that accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.
66
What is salt?
An ionic compound formed from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
67
What is a buffer system?
A solution that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added.
68
What is an organic compound?
Any compound that contains carbon
69
What is a functional group?
A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule
70
What is the hydroxyl group?
A functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH)
71
What are alcohols?
Organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups
72
What is a carboxyl group?
A functional group containing both a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group (-COOH)
73
What is an amine group?
A functional group that contains a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more carbon atoms
74
What is a phosphate group?
A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms
75
What is condensation in chemistry?
A chemical reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, releasing a small molecule such as water
76
What is hydrolysis?
A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds by adding water
77
What are monomers?
Small, repeating units that can join together to form polymers
78
What are polymers?
Large molecules made up of long chains of repeating monomers
79
What is a hydrocarbon?
An organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon
80
What is a carbohydrate?
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically with a hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio of 2:1
81
What is a sugar?
A simple carbohydrate that provides energy
82
What are monosaccharides?
The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules
83
What is glucose?
A common monosaccharide and primary source of energy for cells
84
What is a disaccharide?
A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides
85
What is sucrose?
A common disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose
86
What is a polysaccharide?
A carbohydrate composed of long chains of monosaccharides
87
What is starch?
A storage polysaccharide in plants, made up of glucose units
88
What is cellulose?
A structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls, composed of glucose units
89
What is glycogen?
A storage polysaccharide in animals, made up of glucose units
90
What is chitin?
A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods
91
What are lipids?
A diverse group of hydrophobic organic molecules, including fats and oils
92
What is a fatty acid?
A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain
93
What are fats?
Lipids that are solid at room temperature, primarily composed of triglycerides
94
What is a triglyceride?
A lipid made up of three fatty acids and glycerol
95
What are saturated fatty acids?
Fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms
96
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
97
What are trans fats?
Unsaturated fats that have been hydrogenated to make them more solid
98
What is a phospholipid?
A lipid composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group, forming cell membranes
99
What are lipid bilayers?
Structures formed by phospholipids in aqueous environments, crucial for cell membranes
100
What are steroids?
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings
101
What is cholesterol?
A type of steroid that is an essential component of cell membranes
102
What are proteins?
Large, complex molecules made up of amino acids that perform various functions in the body
103
What is an amino acid?
The building block of proteins, containing an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group
104
What is a peptide bond?
The covalent bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis
105
What is an R group?
The variable group in an amino acid that determines its properties
106
What is a polypeptide chain?
A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
107
What is primary structure in proteins?
The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
108
What is secondary structure in proteins?
The local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to hydrogen bonding
109
What is tertiary structure?
The three-dimensional shape of a protein formed by the folding of its polypeptide chain.
110
What is quaternary structure?
The structure formed when two or more polypeptide chains assemble into a single functional unit.
111
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
112
What does it mean to denature a protein?
The process of altering a protein's structure, usually through heat or chemicals, resulting in loss of function.
113
What is a nucleotide?
The basic building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
114
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in cells.
115
What are nucleic acids?
Biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information, including DNA and RNA.
116
What are RNA and DNA?
RNA (ribonucleic acid) is involved in protein synthesis, while DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains the genetic blueprint for organisms.
117
Describe the general pattern of energy flow through Earth's life forms (trophic pyramid).
Energy flows through Earth's life forms in a trophic pyramid, where energy decreases as it moves up from producers to consumers.
## Footnote
This illustrates the transfer of energy through different levels of the ecosystem.
118
How do Earth's resources (nutrients) cycle around a system?
Earth's resources cycle through biogeochemical cycles, where nutrients are recycled through the environment and living organisms.
119
Homeostasis provides what kind of environment for organisms?
Homeostasis provides a stable internal environment for organisms, allowing them to function optimally despite external changes.
120
Describe the three domains and the cellular qualities possessed by organisms within them.
The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotic, while Eukarya consists of eukaryotic organisms.
121
What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem?
A community consists of different species living together, while an ecosystem includes the community along with the abiotic factors in the environment.
122
At what level of organization does natural selection occur?
Natural selection occurs at the population level, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
123
Explain the difference between hypothesis and theory.
A hypothesis is a testable prediction, while a theory is a well-substantiated explanation based on a body of evidence.
