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Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell cycle

A

The series of stages a cell goes through to grow, replicate DNA, and divide into two cells. It includes phases like G1, S, G2, and M.

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2
Q

G1 Phase (Gap 1 Phase)

A

The first phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows and carries out regular functions, preparing for DNA replication

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3
Q

S Phase (Synthesis Phase

A

The phase where DNA is replicated, so each chromosome makes an identical copy of itself, forming two chromatids.

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4
Q

S Phase (Synthesis Phase

A

The phase where DNA is replicated, so each chromosome makes an identical copy of itself, forming two chromatids.

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5
Q

G2 Phase (Gap 2 Phase)

A

The phase following DNA synthesis, where the cell grows further and prepares for division by making necessary proteins and organelles.

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6
Q

Interphase

A

The collective term for the G1, S, and G2 phases. During this time, the cell grows and DNA is replicated, but it isn’t dividing.

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7
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Pairs of chromosomes with the same genes but possibly different versions (alleles). One comes from each parent in sexually reproducing organisms.

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8
Q

M Phase (Mitosis Phase)

A

The stage where the cell divides. Mitosis occurs here, separating chromosomes into two new cells

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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The process of dividing the cell’s cytoplasm, forming two separate cells after mitosis or meiosis.

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10
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

A type of reproduction that doesn’t involve fertilization. It creates offspring genetically identical to the parent, common in single-celled organisms.

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11
Q

Prophase

A

The first stage of mitosis, where chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers start to form.

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12
Q

Metaphase

A

The stage in mitosis where chromosomes line up at the cell’s center, attaching to spindle fibers for separation.

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13
Q

Anaphase

A

The phase where sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers to opposite sides of the cell.

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14
Q

Telophase

A

The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes reach opposite ends, the nuclear membrane reforms, and the cell starts to divide.

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15
Q

Spindle Fibers

A

Protein structures that separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis by pulling them to opposite ends.

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16
Q

Chromosome

A

A structure made of DNA and proteins, carrying genetic information. Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell.

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17
Q

Chromatid

A

One half of a duplicated chromosome, held together by a centromere until separated during mitosis.

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18
Q

Cell Plate

A

A structure that forms in plant cells during cytokinesis, eventually becoming part of the cell wall separating the new cells.

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19
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

A groove that forms in animal cells during cytokinesis, where the cell membrane pinches inward to divide into two cells.

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20
Q

Cancer

A

A disease caused by uncontrolled cell division due to mutations in genes regulating the cell cycle.

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21
Q

Growth Factor

A

A protein that signals cells to grow and divide, playing a crucial role in tissue development and repair.

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22
Q

Oncogene

A

A mutated gene that can cause normal cells to become cancerous by promoting excessive cell division.

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23
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

A form of reproduction involving two parent organisms, where offspring inherit a combination of genes from each, leading to genetic diversity

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24
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the chromosome number of the parent cell, creating genetic diversity.

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25
Allele
A version of a gene. For any given trait, organisms inherit one allele from each parent, which may be the same or different.
26
Fertilization
The process where a sperm cell unites with an egg cell, combining their genetic material to form a zygote.
27
Gamete
A reproductive cell (sperm in males, egg in females) that contains half the normal number of chromosomes, produced through meiosis.
28
Germ Cell
Cells in the body that undergo meiosis to form gametes; these are distinct from somatic (body) cells.
29
Haploid
A cell with one set of chromosomes (half the full amount); in humans, this is 23 chromosomes. Gametes are haploid.
30
Diploid
A cell with two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent); in humans, this means 46 chromosomes. Most body (somatic) cells are diploid.
31
Somatic
Body cells that make up most of an organism’s tissues and organs. They’re diploid and do not participate directly in reproduction.
32
Zygote
The cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg, containing a full set of chromosomes (diploid) with genetic information from both parents.
33
Zygote
The cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg, containing a full set of chromosomes (diploid) with genetic information from both parents.
34
Crossing Over
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, creating genetic diversity in gametes.
35
Egg
The female gamete, or reproductive cell, which combines with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote.
36
Sperm
The male gamete, or reproductive cell, that combines with an egg cell during fertilization.
37
Nondisjunction
An error in meiosis where chromosomes don’t separate properly, leading to gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.
38
Trisomy
A condition where an individual has an extra chromosome in one of the pairs (47 instead of 46 in humans). Down syndrome is an example of trisomy.
39
Monosomy
A condition where an individual has one chromosome missing in a pair (45 instead of 46 in humans), which can cause developmental issues.
40
Monosomy
A condition where an individual has one chromosome missing in a pair (45 instead of 46 in humans), which can cause developmental issues.
41
Cell cycle
G1 S G2 M
42
G0
Resting phase cell is not actively dividing
43
Oncogene
A mutated gene could lead to cancer cell growth
44
Does a cells life end after mitosis
Technically it ends but continues in form of daughter cells
45
G1 S G2
Are known as cell cycle in inteephase
46
Phases of mitosis
Prophase: condensed in nucleus Metaphase: chromosomes lineup Anaphase: Sister chromosomes Pull apart Telophase: nuclear membrane reforms
47
Anaphase time
15 min in 20 hour cycle
48
Mitosis Plants vs. Animals
Plant: during cytokinesis Cell plate forms Animals: during cytokinesis cleavage furrow forms
49
Homologous chromosomes
Homologous is a pair of chromosomes one from each parent same size and job different genetic code
50
Sister chromosomes
Identical copy of single chromosomes
51
Haploid
A cell with a single set of chromosomes like gametes
52
Diploid
A cell with two sets of chromosomes from parents or somatic cells
53
When a cell goes through Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I, is the chromosome number diploid or haploid?
Haploid is only in meosis after telophase 1
54
Sexual reproduction
Offsprings get a mix of the genes from both parents
55
Asexual reproduction
This it mitosis and the offspring is the same genetic material
56
Asexual reproduction
This it mitosis and the offspring is the same genetic material
57
Somatic cell
Is any cell in the body not including reproductive cells (sperm eggs) they are diploids
58
Germ cell
A cell that goes through meiosis to produce gametes (sperm/egg) cells after dividing
59
Germ cell
A cell that goes through meiosis to produce gametes (sperm/egg) cells
60
How many chromosomes are there in human gametes
Gametes in humans have 23 chromosomes each
61
Are homologous chromosomes paired up in Meiosis I or Meiosis II?
Homologous chromosomes are paired up in Meiosis I
62
Crossing over
Crossing over is when homologous chromosomes exchange dna to keep genetic diversity
63
When does crossing over happen
Crossing over happens in prophase 1 of meiosis
64
Due to the law of independence what is formula to figure out how many different pairs you can make
2^what ever number of pairs there are
65
How do we insure we no gametes will be the same?
By randomly assorting a unique of chromosomes and genetic material by using independent assortment and crossing-over
66
Fertilization
When the sperm cell enters the egg cell creating a zygote
67
Fertilization
When the sperm cell enters the egg cell creating a zygote
68
Genetic variation in new zygotes
Independent assortment Crossing over Random fertilization between sperm and egg
69
How do we insure Genetic variation in new zygotes
Independent assortment Crossing over Random fertilization between sperm and egg
70
Pairing of homologues occurs during this stage
Prophase I (P-I)
71
Recombination via crossing over occurs during this stage.
Prophase I (P-I)
72
By the end of this phase, the number of homologous chromosomes is reduced in half.
Telophase I (T-I)
73
During this stage, the sister chromatids begin to separate.
Anaphase II (A-II)
74
Following this phase, each individual cell is haploid.
Telophase II (T-I)
75
During this phase, homologues separate.
Anaphase I (A-I)
76
New genetic combinations upon which natural selection can act are present after this stage.
Telophase I (T-I)
77
New genetic combinations upon which natural selection can act are present after this stage.
Telophase I (T-I)
78
Haploid chromosomes line up individually during this stage.
Metaphase II (M-II)
79
How much does meiosis reduce chromosomes amount and DNA amount
Chromosomes In half DNA in half twice
80
How much does mitosis reduce chromosomes amount and DNA amount
Chromosomes stay the same DNA amount in half
81
During anaphase 1/2 of Meiosis what happens if the sister chromatids don’t separate correctly
Nondisjunction
82
3 chromosomes in one zygote
Trisomy
83
0 chromosomes in zygote
Monosmy

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