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Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells:
-no Nucleus
-smaller in size
-no membrane-bound organelles
-Unicellular
-energy production in cell membrane

Eukaryotic Cells
-Has nucleus
-larger in size
-contains membrane-bound Organelles e.g. mitochondria/ER
-multicellular
-energy production in mitochondria

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2
Q

Prokaryotic Cells=Eukaryotic Cells

A

-Cell membrane
-DNA
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
-can have cell wall plants/fungi
-reproduction
-basic metabolic processes

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3
Q

A cardiac muscle cell that needs to constant expend energy contracting

A

Mitochondria
-these organelles generate atp

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4
Q

A liver cell responsible for breaking down harmful toxins

A

Peroxisomes
-these organelles are responsible for breaking down harmful toxins like alcohol

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5
Q

A glandular cell responsible for producing a secreting many hormone molecules

A

Golgi apparatus
-this organelle is essential for packaging and transporting proteins and hormones out of the cell

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6
Q

An adipose cell responsible for storing many fats for later energy use

A

Vacuoles
-vacuoles serve as a storage for lipids mainly in plants and animals

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7
Q

A muscle cell is responsible for building many structural proteins

A

Endoplasmic reticulum/Ribosomes
-this is a key factor to building proteins

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8
Q

A skin cell responsible for dividing quickly into many cells to build skin layers

A

Ribosomes
-responsible for protein synthesis they produce proteins for skin cell growth

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9
Q

Smallest to largest
Water, molecule, protein, mitochondria, phospholipid, bacteria, cell, virus, animal cell

A
  1. Water molecule
  2. Phospholipid.
  3. Virus
  4. Protein
  5. Mitochondria
  6. Bacteria
  7. Animal cell
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10
Q

The active transport of substances from the cell into the blood

A

Mitochondria
-Provides energy for active transport

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11
Q

The synthesis (production) of enzymes

A

Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus

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12
Q

The more surface area

A

The more efficient the cell is

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13
Q

DNA-RNA-Polypeptides-Proteins

A

Nucleus- DNA/RNA leaves to the Rbosomes- create poly peptides Endoplasmic Reticulum- Matures them Golgi apparatus- Transports Proteins

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14
Q

7 Parts of Plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid Bilayer
Integral Protein
Peripheral Protein
Cholesterol
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Ion channels

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15
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Acting as a barrier

Hydrophilic heads
-Face outwards interacting with the water inside and outside of the cell
-polar

Hydrophobic tails
-facing inward forming a barrier, controlling the movement of substances across the membrane
-Non-Polar
-Fatty acid chain

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16
Q

Integral Protein

A

-Channels
-receptors

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17
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

-signaling pathways and in maintaining the structure of the cell.

-They help relay messages within the cell and connect the cell membrane to other structures, like the cytoskeleton, which provides shape and support.

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18
Q

Cholesterol

A

-they help maintain the membrane’s consistency.

-Cholesterol ensures the membrane stays fluid and flexible but also stable, preventing it from becoming too rigid or too loose depending on temperature changes.

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19
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Glycoproteins are important for cell communication, and immune responses.

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20
Q

Glycolipids

A

-These are lipids with carbohydrate chains attached

-Glycolipids assist with cell recognition and communication, and they help maintain the stability of the membrane.

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21
Q

Ion channel

A

-These are specific proteins that form pathways through which ions (charged particles like sodium or potassium) can move in and out of the cell.

-Ion channels regulate the movement of ions

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22
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

-The fundamental component of the plasma membrane
-2 layers of phospholipids

o Polar head
^ non polar tail

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23
Q

Double bond in fatty acid chain

A

-Unsaturated Fat
-the kink or bend allows the chain to be more loose causing the unsaturated fat to be liquid at room temperature

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24
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

-Mitochondria came from bacteria
-having two membranes
-has there own DNA
-Circular DNA
-Independent reproduction

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25
How do cells communicate through cell to cell contact
-gap junctions -plasmidesmata -Direct contact allows for recognition in response to threats through various methods
26
Gap junction
-only animal cells -small channels that connect cells allowing to pass ions to neighboring cells
27
Plasmodesmata
-only plant cells -tubes penetrate cell walls of neighboring cells, allowing substances to move through the tube
28
5 diffusion factors
Temperature -higher temperature increases energy and molecule movement causing to diffuse faster Concentration gradient -the larger the concentration difference, the faster, diffusion rate Size of molecule -Smaller molecules diffuse quicker because they are easier to move through Medium of diffusion -Gases or liquid or solid -Gases diffused the fastest because they are the most spread out Surface area -a larger surface area allows more molecules to diffuse at once
29
Facilitated diffuse
No energy used
30
Eukaryotic cell
A cell that has a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
31
Prokaryotic cell
Cells without a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; found in bacteria and archaea.
32
Organelle
Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
33
Surface to volume ratio
The ratio of a cell’s surface area to its volume; it limits cell size.
34
Nuclear envelope
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
35
Chromosomes
Structures made of DNA and proteins that contain genetic information.
36
Phagocytosis
The cell takes large particles
37
Cilia
Hair-like projections on the cell surface that help with movement or the movement of fluids
38
Flagella
Long, whip-like structures used for cell movement.
39
Lipid bilayer
The basic structure of the plasma membrane, consisting of two layers of phospholipids.
40
Phospholipid
Molecules with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail that make up the plasma membrane.
41
Selective permeability
The property of a membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through while blocking others.
42
Fluid mosaic model
Describes the structure of the plasma membrane, where proteins float in or on the fluid lipid bilayer like boats on a sea
43
Lipid bilayer
layer of phospholipids that forms the core of the cell membrane.
44
Phospholipid
Molecules that make up the lipid bilayer, consisting of a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail.
45
Glycoproteins
Proteins with attached carbohydrate chains that serve as identification tags on the cell surface.
46
Transport proteins
Proteins that help move substances across the cell membrane, either through channels or carriers.
47
Receptor proteins
Bind two specific molecules together
48
Aquaporins
Special proteins that make water move faster then diffusion
49
Diffusion
Molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration
50
Concentration gradient
A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space or membrane.
51
Passive transport
The movement of molecules across the membrane without energy input, usually down their concentration gradient.
52
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
53
Isotonic
Two things having the same concentration
54
Hypotonic
Something with lower concentration causing water to enter cell Outside/In
55
Hypertonic
A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to the cell, causing water to leave the cell and making it shrink.
56
Turgid
A condition in which a plant cell is full of water, causing the cell to become firm due to the pressure exerted on the cell wall.
57
Turgid
Cell is full of water lots of pressure on cell wall
58
Flaccid
A condition in which a plant cell has lost water, causing it to become limp.
59
Facilitated diffusion
The movement of molecules across a membrane through a transport protein, without energy, down the concentration gradient.
60
Active transport
The movement of molecules across a membrane against the concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
61
Membrane potential
Difference in ion distribution
62
Proton pump
A membrane protein that actively transports protons (H⁺ ions) out of the cell or into organelles, using energy (ATP).
63
Exocytosis
When cells get rid of materials by fusing vesicle with plasma membrane then releasing
64
Endocytosis
The process by which a cell takes in materials by engulfing them with its membrane, forming a vesicle.

Bio (7 decks)

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