Unit 5 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the effector for the SNS?
A
Skeletal muscle
2
Q
What is the efferent pathway of the SNS?
A
One neuron system
3
Q
What is the neurotransmitter of the SNS and the response of the target organ
A
Acetylcholine and excitatory
4
Q
What is the effector of the ANS?
A
Cardiac and smooth muscle glands
5
Q
What is the efferent pathway of the ANS?
A
It is a two neuron system (presynaptic and postsynaptic)
6
Q
What is the neurotransmitter & response of the target organ for the presynaptic neuron?
A
Acetylcholine neurotransmitter and excitatory
7
Q
What is neurotransmitter and response of the target organ of the postsynaptic neuron?
A
Varies between sympathetic (norepinephrine & epinephrine) & parasympathetic (acetlycholine). Response either excitatory OR inhibitory.
8
Q
What are the two divisions of ANS?
A
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
9
Q
What does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do?
A
Routine maintenance “Rest and Digest”
10
Q
What does the sympathetic division of the ANS do?
A
Mobilization & increased metabolism “fight, flight, or fright”
11
Q
Where is the origin of presynaptic neuron cell body of the sympathetic division?
A
Thoracolumbar region of spinal cord
12
Q
Where is the origin of presynaptic neuron cell body of the parasympathetic division?
A
Brain & sacral spinal cord (craniosacral division)
13
Q
What is the fiber length in the sympathetic division?
A
Presynaptic- short
Postsynaptic - long
14
Q
What is the fiber length in the parasympathetic division?
A
Presynaptic - long
Postsynaptic - short
15
Q
What is the location of ganglia in the sympathetic division?
A
Close to spinal cord (sympathetic chain and pre vertebral/collateral ganglia)
16
Q
What is the location of ganglia in the parasympathetic division?
A
In/near visceral effector organs
17
Q
What is the only major body function NOT inhibited in the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)?
A
Digestion
18
Q
True or False: the Parasympathetic nervous System (PNS) only innervates internal organs and generally inhibits or slows down body functions.
A
True
19
Q
Where are the presynaptic neuron cell bodies located (of the PNS)?
A
Nuclei for CNS III, VII, IX, X & S2-S4 cord levels
20
Q
Where is the synapse between the pre & post synaptic neurons (of the PNS)?
A
Terminal ganglia
21
Q
Cranial outflow- Presynaptic fibers run via:
A
oculomotor nerve (smooth muscle in eye), facial nerve (lacrimal, submandibular, & sublingual glands), glossopharyngeal nerve (parotid gland), vagus nerve (almost every organ in thoracic & abdominal cavity, hearts, lungs, liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, pranceas, proximal 1/2 of large intestine)
22
Q
PNS- sacral outflow: the presynaptic neurons originate from ____________________
A
S2-S4 level of spinal cord
23
Q
PNS- sacral outflow: fibers of presynaptic neurons travel through __________ —-> _____________ —-> ________________ and exits ventral rami as _______________
A
Ventral root, spinal nerve, ventral ramifications, pelvic splanchnic nerves
24
Q
PNS- sacral outflow: pelvic splanchanic nerves synapse in ____________________
A
Intramural ganglia
25
PNS- sacral outflow: postsynaptic fibers innervate distal 1/2 ________________ & _________________
Large intestine, pelvic viscera
26
What is the only major body function NOT stimulated in the Symapthetic nervous system (SNS)?
Digestion
27
__________________ is more widespread that parasympathetic nervous system and generally speeds up or stimulated body functions
Sympathetic nervous system
28
Where are the presynaptic neuron cell bodies located (of the SNS)?
Thoracolumar region of spinal cord (T1-L2) and intermediate horn
29
Where is the synapse between the pre - & post synaptic neurons (of the SNS)?
Paravertebral ganglia (on sympathetic chain) & prevertebral/ collateral ganglia (on abdominal aorta)
30
_________________ located on both sides of the vertebral column and extends from cranial base to coccyx
Sympathetic chain
31
Sympathetic chain: paravertebral ganglia joined to spinal nerves by __________________
White and grey rami communicates
32
___________________ is presynaptic and myelinated fibers found only at T1-L2 spinal cord levels
White rami
33
___________________ is postsynaptic & unmyelinated fibers, found along all levels of spinal cord
Grey ramu
34
SNS Thoracolumbar outflow: presynaptic fibers exit spinal cord through _____________ ——> ____________ —-> ________________ —> ____________________
Ventral root, spinal nerves, white ramus communicans, paravertebral ganglia on sympathetic chain
35
What are the 3 different sympathetic pathways once presynaptic fibers enter the sympathetic chain?
1. Synapse at paravertebral ganglia at same level
2. Synapse at paravertebral ganglia at a different level
3. Does not synapse on chain (will synapse at a prevertebral ganglia on abdominal aorta)
36
Sympathetic pathways: presynaptic fibers enter chain through _________________
White rami communicantes
37
Sympathetic pathways: presynaptic fibers synapse with _______________ at same level
Postsynaptic neuron
38
Sympathetic pathways: Postsynaptic fibers leave the chain through ________________ & travel to the _______________ & some visceral above the diaphragm
Grey communicantes, periphery
39
Sympathetic Pathways: presynaptic fibers enter chain through _______________
White rami communicantes
40
(2nd pathway) Sympathetic Pathways: presynaptic fibers ascend or descend on the chain and synapse with a past synaptic neuron at a ________________ level
Different
41
(3rd Pathway) Sympathetic Pathway: Preganglionic fibers enter chain through white rami communicantes and DO NOT synapse on the ___________________
Sympathetic chain
42
(3rd Pathway) Sympathetic Pathway: Presynaptic fibers exit chain as ___________________
Splanchnic nerves
43
(3rd Pathway) Sympathetic Pathway: Splanchnic nerves travel to & synapse on _____________________ on aorta
Prevertebral/collateral ganglia
44
(3rd Pathway) Sympathetic Pathway: Postsynaptic fibers travel along blood vessels to __________________________
Viscera of the abdomen & pelvis
45
Visceral Sensory System: Both_________ and________ sensory fibers enter ______________ together
Visceral, somatic, spinal cord
46
Visceral Sensory System: Visceral pain may radiate along somatic pathways. This phenomenon is known as _______________
Referred pain
47
What are the major components of the cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood, blood vessels
48
What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system?
Transportation of hormones, waste products, and nutrients and oxygen
49
What does the rights side of the heart do?
Pump for pulmonary circuit
50
What does the right atrium do?
Receives deoxygenated blood
51
What does the right ventricle do?
Discharges deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circuit
52
What does the left side of the heart do?
Pump for systemic circuit
53
What does the left atrium do?
Receives oxygenated blood
54
What does the left ventricle do?
Discharges oxygenated blood into the systemic circuit
55
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from:
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
56
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from:
2 right pulmonary veins, 2 left pulmonary veins
57
The right ventricle discharges deoxygenated blood into the ___________________?
Pulmonary circuit
58
The left ventricle discharges oxygenated blood in the __________________?
Systemic circuit
59
What are the layers of the heart from superficial to deep?
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
60
What are the great vessels of the heart?
Superior vena cava (SVC), Inferior vena Cava (IVC), Pulmonary veins, Pulmonary trunk & arteries, Aorta
61
SVC formed by the joining of the _____________________ and returns blood from ___________________
Left and right brachiocephalic veins; thoracic wall, upper limb, head and neck
62
The IVC formed by the joining of the _____________________, returns blood from the _________________________
Left and right common iliac veins; abdomen, pelvis, and lower limb
63
Pulmonary Trunk & Arteries (2): Pulmonary trunk leaves the _______________ and bifurcates into the _________________
Right ventricle, left and right pulmonary arteries
64
Pulmonary Veins (4): Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the _________________
Left atrium
65
Aorta: leaves the left ventricle to send oxygenated blood to __________________
System circulation
66
What do the Atrioventricular Valves do?
Prevent backflow into atria
67
What are the two atrioventricular valves?
Tricuspid valve, bicuspid or mitral valve
68
Where is the tricuspid valve located?
Between right atrium and right ventricle
69
What does the bicuspid or mitral valve located?
Between left atrium and left ventricle
70
What do the Semilunar Valves do?
Prevent backflow into ventricles
71
What are the two Semilunar Valves?
Aortic Semilunar Valve and Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
72
Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?
Between left ventricle and aorta
73
Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?
Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
74
Arterial Coronary Circulation: Maximal blood flow to the _________________ occurs when the heart is relaxed
Myocardium
75
Arterial Coronary Circulation: There is very little blood flow through the coronary circulation when the heart is _____________
Contracting
76
Arterial Coronary Circulation: Compression of __________________________ due to ___________________
Coronary arteries, contraction of myocardium
77
Arterial Coronary Circulation: Entrances into the coronary circulation are partially blocked by the _________________________
Cusps off the open aortic semilunar valve
78
Intrinsic Conduction System: What does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do to the heart rate?
Decelerates the heartbeat
79
Intrinsic Conduction System: What does the sympathetic division of the ANS do to the heart rate?
Accelerates the heartbeat
80
True or False: fetus has non-functioning lungs
True
81
True or False: fetus cannot provide it’s own nutrients
True
82
True or False: fetus can not remove its own waste and must use mother’s circulation to compensate
True
83
Fetal Circulation- Placenta: The _______________ develops in the uterus alongside the fetus
Placenta
84
Fetal Circulation- Placenta: The _______________ and ______________ blood communicate within the placenta
Maternal, fetal
85
Fetal Circulation- Placenta: The placenta allows for delivery of _____________ and _______________ for the fetus
Nutrients, removal waste
86
Fetal Circulation- Placenta: The communication occurs via ____________________
Umbilical vessels
87
Fetal Circulation- Umbilical Cord: The __________________ is the connection between the mother and fetus at the placenta
Umbilical cord
88
Fetal Circulation- Umbilical Cord: Within the umbilical cord is the _______________ and the _____________
Umbilical vein (1) and umbilical arteries (2).
89
Fetal Circulation- Umbilical Cord: The ________________ brings nutrient and O2 rich blood to the fetal heart
Umbilical vein
90
Fetal Circulation- Umbilical Cord: The _______________ bring deoxygenated blood out of the fetus to the placenta
Umbilical arteries
91
Fetal Circulation- Umbilical vein: closure forms the ____________________ in the adult
Ligamentum teres (round ligament of the liver)
92
Fetal Circulation- Umbilical vein: found within the inferior edge of the _____________________
Falciform ligament
93
Fetal Circulation- Ductus Venosus: ________________ shunts blood from the umbilical vein through the liver directly into the IVC
Ductus venosus
94
Fetal Circulation- Ductus Venosus: Some of the blood passing through nourishes the _____________________
Liver tissue
95
Fetal Circulation- Ductus Venosus: Closure forms the ____________________ in the adult
Ligamentum venosum
96
Fetal Circulation- Foramen Ovale: _________________ shunts blood from the _____________ to the _______________ to bypass the lungs
Foramen ovale, right atrium, left atrium
97
Fetal Circulation- Foramen Ovale: Small amount of blood flows to the _____________ to nourish the tissue
Lungs
98
Fetal Circulation-Ductus Arteriosus: _________________ shunts blood that made it to the ________________ to the _______________________
Ductus Arteriosus, left pulmonary artery, aorta
99
Fetal Circulation-Ductus Arteriosus: Closure forms the _____________________ in the adult
Ligamentum arteriosum
100
What are the major components of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
101
What are the major functions of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange, air conduction, air filtration, sound production
102
What are the two functional divisions?
Conducting and respiratory
103
What does the conducting division do?
Conduit for air to reach sites of gas exchange
104
What does the respiratory division of the respiratory system do?
Site associated with gas exchange
105
What does the conducting division consist of?
Nose, pharynx (nasopharynx, orophanyx, laryngopharynx), larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
106
What is the respiratory division consist of?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
107
Nasal cavity: What is the entrance for air into the nasal cavity?
External nares
108
Nasal Cavity: lateral wall nasal cavity contains 3 pairs of nasal conchae:
Superior concha, middle concha, inferior concha
109
Nasal Cavity: ______________ create turbulence of the air entering nasal cavity. Aids in warming air and removal of particulate material.
Conchae
110
Nasal Cavity: What are the spaces below each concha called?
Meatuses (nasolacrimanl duct and paranasal sinuses open into the meatuses)
111
Pharynx: _____________ is a fibromuscular tube that serves as passageway for ___________________ and ___________________
Pharynx, digestive system, respiratory system
112
Pharynx: What is the superior boundary of the pharynx?
Sphenoid bone
113
Pharynx: What is the inferior boundary pharynx?
Esophagus (C6)
114
Pharynx: What is the posterior boundary of the pharynx?
Bodies of cervical vertebrae
115
Pharynx: What is the anterior boundary of the pharynx?
Openings of nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx
116
Pharynx: What is the innervation of the pharynx?
Motor: Vagus nerve (CN X)
Sensory: predominately via Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and Vagus nerve
117
Pharynx: Pharynx is divided into 3 regions?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, laryngopharynx
118
Nasopharynx: nasopharynx extends from __________________ to _________________
Base of skull, soft palate
119
Nasopharynx: True or False: Nasopahrynx’s role is to help with air passageway only.
True
120
Nasopharynx: The Nasopharynx contains ____________________ within posterior wall (called _______________ if enlarged) AND opening of __________________
Pharyngeal tonsil, adenoids, auditory tube (also called Eustachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube)
121
_______________ is the elevation formed from auditory tube
Torus tubarius
122
Oropharynx: _______________ is posterior to the oral cavity and extends from ____________ to __________________
Oropharynx, soft palate, tip of epiglottis
123
Oropharynx: The Oropharynx supports _________ and _________ passageway
Air, food
124
Oropharynx: Contains ____________ and _____________
Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
125
Laryngopharynx: extends from _______________ to __________________ of _______________
Tip of epiglottis, superior esophagus (C6 level/inferior border), cricoid cartilage
126
Laryngopharynx: supports _________ and ___________ passageway
Air, food
127
Larynx: formed by _____________ cartilages which holders airway open. There are ___________ unpaired and __________ paired
9, 3, 3
128
Larynx: Opens into _________ above and continuous with ___________ inferiorly. Air passes through laryngopharynx and moves forward down into larynx.
Pharynx, trachea
129
Larynx: Contains _____________
Vocal folds/cords
130
What are the three unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage
131
____________ is the largest of laryngeal cartilages, formed by two broad flat plates, and most superior point of fusion site between two laminate projects forward as ______________ (Adam’s Apple)
Laryngeal prominence
132
______________ is attached to POSTERIOR aspect of thyroid cartilage and helps protect the opening of the larynx by directing food towards ___________
Epiglottis, esophagus
133
______________ is the only laryngeal cartilage to form a complete ring and shaped like a signet ring.
Cricoid cartilage
134
What are the three types of paired laryngeal cartilages?
Arytenoid, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilage
135
____________ is pyramid-shaped and is the attachment site for muscles
Arytenoid cartilages
136
_______________ is small conical cartilage and the base articulates with apex of Arytenoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
137
_____________ is small elongated piece of cartilage that is superior and anterior to corniculate cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
138
____________ are folds of mucosa overlying membranous thickenings (called ligaments)
Vocal folds
139
What are the two pairs of vocal folds?
True and false vocal folds
140
_________________ are superior to the true vocal folds
False vocal folds or vestibular folds
141
_______________ are inferior to the false vocal folds and sound is produced when air is expelled and passes between vocal folds. Intrinsic laryngeal muscles adjust tension of vocal folds; changes pitch.
True vocal folds
142
____________________ is a direct continuation of the larynx.
Trachea
143
Trachea lies ________________ to the _______________
Anterior, esophagus
144
Trachea is held open by _________________________
C-shaped cartilage rings
145
Trachea bifurcates into a _________ and a _________________________
Right, left primary brochus
146
Bronchi: The ____________ passes through hilum of lung to enter lung
Primary bronchi
147
Bronchi: There are two parts to the primary bronchi. What are they?
Right primary brochus and left bronchus
148
The _______________ is wider and more vertical course
Right primary brochus
149
The ________________ is smaller and less direct course
Left primary bronchus
150
There are three types of bronchi. What are they?
Primary, secondary, tertiary
151
____________________ supplies a lobe of the. For the right lung, it is 3 secondary bronchi and left lung is 2 secondary bronchi
Secondary lobar bronchi
152
Tertiary bronchi: Each segmental bronchi supplies a ___________________ segment. Left lung has ________ tertiary bronchi and right lung has _________________ tertiary bronchi.
Bronchopulmonary segment, 8-10, 10
153
Terminal bronchioles lead to ___________________
Respiratory bronchioles
154
Respiratory Division: What is the pathway?
Respiratory bronchioles —-> alveolar ducts —-> alveolar sacs ——> alveoli
155
What are the organs of respiration?
Lungs
156
Lungs: Right and left lungs lie on either side of the _________________
Mediastinum
157
Lungs: The __________ of the lung sits on diaphragm
Base
158
Lungs: The _______ of the lungs projects above rib 1
Apex
159
Lungs: _____________ is the medial surface where structures enters and exit the lung
Hilum
160
Lungs: ____________ is the short tubular collection of structures that attach lung structures in mediastinum
Root
161
Lungs: Within each root, and located at each hilum are:
Pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, main bronchus, bronchial vessels, nerves, lymphatics
162
Right Lung: What are the 3 lobes of the right lung?
Superior, middle, inferior
163
Right Lung: What are the 2 fissures of the right lung?
Horizontal and oblique fissure
164
Right Lung: ________________ separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe
Horizontal fissure
165
Right Lung: _________________ separates inferior lobe from superior lobe and middle lobe
Oblique fissure
166
Left lung: What are the 2 lobes of the left lung?
Superior & inferior
167
Left Lung: What is the 1 fissure of the left lung?
Oblique fissure
168
Left Lung: ______________ separates inferior lobe from superior lobe
Oblique fissure
169
Left Lung: _________________ is the notch to accommodate hear
Cardiac notch
170
Left Lung: ____________ is the tongue-like extension of lower part of superior lobe
Lingula
171
What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?
Rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique muscle, internal abdominal oblique muscle, transversus abdominis
172
What are the functions of the muscles of the abdominal wall?
- form firm but flexible wall that keeps viscera within the abdominal cavity
- protects viscera from injury
- maintain position of viscera when in erect position
- assist in both & forced expiration, coughing, vomiting, childbirth, urination, & defaction
173
The muscles of the abdominal wall are all innervated by ___________________
Ventral rami of T7-L2
174
What are the 3 flat muscles whose fibers begin posterolaterally, pass anteriorly, and are replaced by an aponeurosis as the muscle continues toward the midline?
External oblique, internal oblique, & transversus abdominis
175
Aponeuroses of the 3 anterolateral abdominal wall muscles (external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis) forms the ________________________ (encloses the rectus abdominis)
Anterior & posterior rectus sheath
176
Inguinal Region: _______________ area of junction between the anterior abdominal wall & thigh
Inguinal region
177
Inguinal region: the inferior free border of the external oblique aponeurosis folds back on itself to form the ____________________, which runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle.
Inguinal ligament
178
Inguinal Region: _________________ is slit-like passage that extend in a downward & medial direction
Inguinal canal
179
Inguinal Region: Begins at __________________ & continues for approximately 4 cm, ending at ___________________
Deep Inguinal ring, superficial Inguinal ring
180
Inguinal Region: Contains the ________________ & the ____________________
Spermatic cord (males) round ligament (females)
181
What is the muscle of the posterior abdominal wall?
Quadratus lumborum muscle
182
What is the **origin** of the Quadratus lumborum m.?
Iliac crest
183
What is the **insertion** of the Quadratus lumborum m.?
Inferior border of rib 12, transverse process of first four lumbar vertebrae
184
What is the **action** of the Quadratus lumborum m.?
Lateral flexion of the lumbar vertebral column
185
What is the ** innervation** of the Quadratus lumborum?
Lumbar plexus
186
Muscles of the Pelvis: The funnel-shaped pelvic floor or _____________ is composed of two paired muscles: _______________ and _________________
Pelvic diaphragm, levator ani mm, coccygeus
187
Muscles of the Pelvis: The pelvic diaphragm closes the majority of the _______________________
Inferior pelvic aperture
188
Muscles of the Pelvis: Pierced by the ___________ and __________
Rectum, urethra
189
Muscles of the Pelvis: This diaphragm supports and raises the pelvic floor and assists in the support of the ____________________________
Abdominopelvic viscera
190
What are the major components of the digestive system?
Alimentary canal (GI tract), Accessory digestive organs
191
What are the parts of alimentary canal?
Mouth, (most) pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, & large intestine
192
What are the pasts of the accessory digestive organs?
Tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, & gallbladder
193
What are the major functions of the digestive system?
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption, solid waste removal
194
This is the topographical division of the abdomen to describe location of organs & pain associated with abdominal problems?
Abdominal Quadrants: Upper right, upper left, lower right, lower left
195
What is the organization of the wall of the GI Tract from lumber outward?
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis external, Serosa or adventitia
196
Peritoneum: ____________ is a thin membrane lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and covers much of viscera.
Peritoneum
197
Peritoneum: The __________________ lines the walls of the cavity and the _________________ covers the visceral
Parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum
198
Peritoneum: Between the parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum is a space called the ___________________ which contains a small amount of serous fluid to allow organs to move freely without friction
Peritoneal cavity
199
______________ are the double layers folds of peritoneum that connect organs to one another & to the body wall. Contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & nerves.
Mesentry
200
Organs that lie against the posterior body wall & are covered by peritoneum on their anterior surface only are considered ______________________
Retroperitoneal
201
What are the Retroperitoneal Organs?
**S**uprarenal (adrenal glands)
**A**orta & IVC
**D**uodenum (middle 1/2)
**P**ancreas
**U**reters
**C**olon (Ascending & Descending)
**K**idneys
**E**sophagus
**R**ectum
202
______________ is the inlet for the digestive system and is involved with initial processing of food
Oral Cavity
203
_________________ begin physical digestion and three paired ________________ begin chemical digestion
Teeth, salivary glands
204
What do the salivary glands do?
- Secrete saliva into oral cavity
- stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system
- Inhibited by the sympathetic nervous system
205
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
- parotid gland
- submandibular gland
- sublingual gland
206
What are the divisions of the GI tract?
Foregut, midgut, hindgut
207
What is the foregut of the GI tract?
Inferior esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, & proximal half of duodenum
208
What is the midgut of the GI tract?
Distal half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
209
What is the hindgut of the GI tract?
Distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, & superior part of rectum
210
Esophagus: Direct continuation of the pharynx at the ______________________. Found posterior to the _______________ and remains flat unless filled with a bonus of food.
C6 vertebral level, trachea
211
Esophagus: Pierces the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus (at the _________________)
T10 level
212
Esophagus: Muscularis externa of ____________ portion is ________________, while the ______________ portion is _______________
Superior, skeletal muscle, inferior, smooth muscle
213
True or False: There are NO digestive enzymes produced by the esophagus and NO absorption occurs here either
True
214
___________________ is the dilated portion of the GI tract and receives the bolus of food from esophagus. Serves as a mixing and holding area for food and secretes digestive enzymes for chemical digestion.
Stomach
215
When stomach is empty, mucosa of lies in temporary longitudinal folds called ____________
Rugae
216
Stomach Features: Muscularis externa is arranged in 3 layers. What are they?
Outer longitudinal, middle circular, & inner oblique
217
Peritoneal Folds & Ligaments: ________________ attaches to greater curvature of stomach & transverse colon and drapes over small intestines like an ‘apron’.
Greater Omentum
218
Peritoneal Folds & Ligaments: _______________ attaches to lesser curvature of stomach & duodenum and connects stomach to the liver
Lesser Omentum
219
Pancreas: ________________ is elongated gland located posterior to the stomach
Pancreas
220
Pancreas functions as both an _____________ & _________________ gland
Endocrine, exocrine
221
The pancreas 99% functions as a exocrine gland, by producing ___________________
Pranceatic enzymes for digestion
222
The pancreas 1% functions as a endocrine gland by ___________________
Producing hormones into the blood
223
Pancreas: Pancreatic juice is secretes by exocrine cells into small ducts which unite to form the ____________________
Pancreatic duct
224
Pancreas: Pancreatic duct normally joins the common bile duct to form the ___________________________ and drains into the duodenum at the ______________________
Hepatopancreatic ampulla, major duodenal papilla
225
Liver: __________________ is located inferior to the _________________, primarily in the _______________
Liver, diaphragm, upper right quadrant
226
Liver: The liver produces _____________ and detoxifies blood from the GI tract
Bile
227
Liver: Anatomically, there are four lobes to the liver. What are they?
Left lobe, right lobe, quadrate lobe, caudate lobe
228
Liver: ____________________ divides liver into right & left lobes and anchors liver to anterior body wall
Falciform ligament
229
Liver: _____________________ is the obliterated remnant of the umbilical vein
Round ligament of the liver
230
Liver: ___________________ attaches liver to inferior surface of diaphragm
Coronary ligament
231
__________________ is a pear-shaped sac, locates in a depression on the posterior surface of the right lobe of the liver. It ____________ & ________________ excess bile from the liver.
Gallbladder, concentrates, stores
232
Small Intestine: The small intestine is divided into 3 parts. What are they?
Duodenum, jejunum, ilenum
233
Small intestine: _______________ is the site for most digestion & ___________ of nutrients due to the large surface available
Small intestine, absorption
234
Small intestine: The small intestine contains ________________, villi, & microvilli which increase the surface area by 600X
Pelicans circulares
235
________________ anchors most of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
Mesentry proper
236
This is the location for the reabsorption of electrolytes & water and the formation & elimination of feces. What is this?
Large intestine
237
Large intestine: First portion is the _____________, which is entered into from the ileum through the _____________________
Cecum, ileocecal valve
238
Large Intestine: From the cecum, you enter the **colon** which is divided into:
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
239
What are the features of the large intestine?
Teniae coli, Haustra, Omental appendices
240
_______________ is the longitudinal band of smooth muscle of the large intestine
Teniae coli
241
_________________ are sac-like pouches of the large intestine
Haustra
242
___________________ is fat deposits of the large intestine
Omental appendices
243
________________ anchors portions of colon to posterior abdominal wall.
Mesocolon
244
True or False: Ascending & descending colon have no mesentery. They are attaches to directly to the posterior wall
True
245
What are the major components of the lymphatic system?
Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus gland, tonsils, spleen
246
What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?
**Fluid control** (drain excess interstitial fluid), **immunity** (produce, maintain, & distribute lymphocytes), **transportation** (hormones, nutrients, waste products)
247
The lymphatic system converges toward the _______________ or ________________
Thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct
248
Tonsils: ________________ is collections of the lymphoid tissue facing aerodigestive tract
Tonsils
249
What are the three types of tonsils?
Pharyngeal, lingual, palatine
250
Thymus gland: The thymus gland is located posterior to the ______________ and assist in the development of the __________________.
Sternum, immune system
251
Spleen: _______________ is the largest lymphatic tissue/organ in the body
Spleen
252
Spleen: The spleen produces _________________ & filters blood
Lymphocytes
253
The spleen destroys __________ & worn-out RBCs
Bacteria
254
_______________ is the dynamic state of equilibrium or balance of the internal environment of the body.
Homeostasis
255
Communication within body: Nervous system- neurons communicate by sending nerve impulses along ________; at the end of axons ______________ are released
Axons, neurotransmitters
256
Communication within body: Endocrine System- hormones are produces by _______________, secretes into surrounding tissue fluid, and then transported to target cells primarily via the blood stream
Endocrine glands
257
_____________ glands secrete onto a surface; either directly or through a duct
Exocrine
258
___________________ glands secrete internally; ductless glands; utilize cardiovascular system for distribution
Endocrine
259
What are the posterior branches of abdominal aorta?
Inferior phrenic artery, lumbar artery, medial sacral artery
260
_________________ supplies the inferior diaphragm
Inferior phrenic artery
261
_______________ supplies the posterior abdominal wall
Lumbar artery
262
___________________ supplies a portion of the pelvic wall
Median sacral artery
263
What are the branches of the internal thoracic artery?
Musculophrenic artery, superior epigastric artery
264
______________________ is the branch of internal thoracic artery; supplies **superior/anterior diaphragm**
Musculophrenic artery
265
_________________ is the branch of internal thoracic artery; supplies the **superior half of the anterior abdominal wall**
Superior epigastric artery
266
_______________________ is the branch of external iliac artery and supplies the inferior half of the anterior abdominal wall
Inferior epigastric artery
267
_______________________ & _________________ enter the rectus sheath and is located posterior to rectus abdominis muscle.
Superior, inferior epigastric arteries
268
What are the 3 divisions of the GI tract?
Foregut, midgut, hindgut
269
The ________________ includes inferior esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, & proximal half of duodenum
Foregut
270
The __________________ contains the distal half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
Midgut
271
The ________________ contains distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, & superior part of rectum
Hindgut
272
The foregut is supplied by the ____________________
Celiac trunk branches
273
The midgut is supplies by the ______________________
Superior mesenteric artery branches
274
The hindgut is supplied by the _________________________
Inferior mesenteric artery branches
275
_____________________ is the first major unpaired branch off the abdominal aorta below the diaphragm
Celiac trunk
276
What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?
Left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery
277
_________________ is the **superior** branch of celiac trunk, travels left towards lesser curvature of the stomach and supplies stomach & esophagus
Left gastric artery
278
__________________ is the left branch of celiac trunk, travels toward spleen, and supplies pancreas & spleen
Splenic artery
279
______________________ right branch of celiac trunk, travels toward liver & gallbladder.
Common hepatic artery
280
What are the terminal branches of the common hepatic artery?
Proper hepatic artery, gastroduodenal artery
281
___________________ is the superior branch of common hepatic artery, travels toward liver & medial to bile duct
Proper hepatic artery
282
The proper hepatic artery branches into ____________ & __________________
Right, left hepatic artery
283
The ______________ usually arises from right hepatic artery, supplies the gallbladder & cystic duct
Cystic artery
284
The ______________ usually arises from right hepatic artery, supplies the gallbladder & cystic duct
Cystic artery
285
The _______________ usually arises from proper hepatic artery, may rise from common hepatic or gastroduodenal arteries. Supplies lesser curvature of stomach and anastomoses with left gastric artery.
Right gastric artery
286
The ________________ is the inferior branch of common hepatic artery, travels toward junction of stomach & duodenum
Gastroduodenal artery
