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Anatomy Sum. > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effector for the SNS?

A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

What is the efferent pathway of the SNS?

A

One neuron system

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3
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the SNS and the response of the target organ

A

Acetylcholine and excitatory

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4
Q

What is the effector of the ANS?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle glands

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5
Q

What is the efferent pathway of the ANS?

A

It is a two neuron system (presynaptic and postsynaptic)

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6
Q

What is the neurotransmitter & response of the target organ for the presynaptic neuron?

A

Acetylcholine neurotransmitter and excitatory

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7
Q

What is neurotransmitter and response of the target organ of the postsynaptic neuron?

A

Varies between sympathetic (norepinephrine & epinephrine) & parasympathetic (acetlycholine). Response either excitatory OR inhibitory.

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8
Q

What are the two divisions of ANS?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

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9
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do?

A

Routine maintenance “Rest and Digest”

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10
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the ANS do?

A

Mobilization & increased metabolism “fight, flight, or fright”

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11
Q

Where is the origin of presynaptic neuron cell body of the sympathetic division?

A

Thoracolumbar region of spinal cord

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12
Q

Where is the origin of presynaptic neuron cell body of the parasympathetic division?

A

Brain & sacral spinal cord (craniosacral division)

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13
Q

What is the fiber length in the sympathetic division?

A

Presynaptic- short
Postsynaptic - long

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14
Q

What is the fiber length in the parasympathetic division?

A

Presynaptic - long
Postsynaptic - short

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15
Q

What is the location of ganglia in the sympathetic division?

A

Close to spinal cord (sympathetic chain and pre vertebral/collateral ganglia)

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16
Q

What is the location of ganglia in the parasympathetic division?

A

In/near visceral effector organs

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17
Q

What is the only major body function NOT inhibited in the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Digestion

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18
Q

True or False: the Parasympathetic nervous System (PNS) only innervates internal organs and generally inhibits or slows down body functions.

A

True

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19
Q

Where are the presynaptic neuron cell bodies located (of the PNS)?

A

Nuclei for CNS III, VII, IX, X & S2-S4 cord levels

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20
Q

Where is the synapse between the pre & post synaptic neurons (of the PNS)?

A

Terminal ganglia

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21
Q

Cranial outflow- Presynaptic fibers run via:

A

oculomotor nerve (smooth muscle in eye), facial nerve (lacrimal, submandibular, & sublingual glands), glossopharyngeal nerve (parotid gland), vagus nerve (almost every organ in thoracic & abdominal cavity, hearts, lungs, liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, pranceas, proximal 1/2 of large intestine)

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22
Q

PNS- sacral outflow: the presynaptic neurons originate from ____________________

A

S2-S4 level of spinal cord

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23
Q

PNS- sacral outflow: fibers of presynaptic neurons travel through __________ —-> _____________ —-> ________________ and exits ventral rami as _______________

A

Ventral root, spinal nerve, ventral ramifications, pelvic splanchnic nerves

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24
Q

PNS- sacral outflow: pelvic splanchanic nerves synapse in ____________________

A

Intramural ganglia

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25
Q

PNS- sacral outflow: postsynaptic fibers innervate distal 1/2 ________________ & _________________

A

Large intestine, pelvic viscera

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26
Q

What is the only major body function NOT stimulated in the Symapthetic nervous system (SNS)?

A

Digestion

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27
Q

__________________ is more widespread that parasympathetic nervous system and generally speeds up or stimulated body functions

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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28
Q

Where are the presynaptic neuron cell bodies located (of the SNS)?

A

Thoracolumar region of spinal cord (T1-L2) and intermediate horn

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29
Q

Where is the synapse between the pre - & post synaptic neurons (of the SNS)?

A

Paravertebral ganglia (on sympathetic chain) & prevertebral/ collateral ganglia (on abdominal aorta)

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30
Q

_________________ located on both sides of the vertebral column and extends from cranial base to coccyx

A

Sympathetic chain

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31
Q

Sympathetic chain: paravertebral ganglia joined to spinal nerves by __________________

A

White and grey rami communicates

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32
Q

___________________ is presynaptic and myelinated fibers found only at T1-L2 spinal cord levels

A

White rami

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33
Q

___________________ is postsynaptic & unmyelinated fibers, found along all levels of spinal cord

A

Grey ramu

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34
Q

SNS Thoracolumbar outflow: presynaptic fibers exit spinal cord through _____________ ——> ____________ —-> ________________ —> ____________________

A

Ventral root, spinal nerves, white ramus communicans, paravertebral ganglia on sympathetic chain

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35
Q

What are the 3 different sympathetic pathways once presynaptic fibers enter the sympathetic chain?

A
  1. Synapse at paravertebral ganglia at same level
  2. Synapse at paravertebral ganglia at a different level
  3. Does not synapse on chain (will synapse at a prevertebral ganglia on abdominal aorta)
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36
Q

Sympathetic pathways: presynaptic fibers enter chain through _________________

A

White rami communicantes

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37
Q

Sympathetic pathways: presynaptic fibers synapse with _______________ at same level

A

Postsynaptic neuron

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38
Q

Sympathetic pathways: Postsynaptic fibers leave the chain through ________________ & travel to the _______________ & some visceral above the diaphragm

A

Grey communicantes, periphery

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39
Q

Sympathetic Pathways: presynaptic fibers enter chain through _______________

A

White rami communicantes

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40
Q

(2nd pathway) Sympathetic Pathways: presynaptic fibers ascend or descend on the chain and synapse with a past synaptic neuron at a ________________ level

A

Different

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41
Q

(3rd Pathway) Sympathetic Pathway: Preganglionic fibers enter chain through white rami communicantes and DO NOT synapse on the ___________________

A

Sympathetic chain

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42
Q

(3rd Pathway) Sympathetic Pathway: Presynaptic fibers exit chain as ___________________

A

Splanchnic nerves

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43
Q

(3rd Pathway) Sympathetic Pathway: Splanchnic nerves travel to & synapse on _____________________ on aorta

A

Prevertebral/collateral ganglia

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44
Q

(3rd Pathway) Sympathetic Pathway: Postsynaptic fibers travel along blood vessels to __________________________

A

Viscera of the abdomen & pelvis

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45
Q

Visceral Sensory System: Both_________ and________ sensory fibers enter ______________ together

A

Visceral, somatic, spinal cord

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46
Q

Visceral Sensory System: Visceral pain may radiate along somatic pathways. This phenomenon is known as _______________

A

Referred pain

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47
Q

What are the major components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, blood, blood vessels

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48
Q

What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transportation of hormones, waste products, and nutrients and oxygen

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49
Q

What does the rights side of the heart do?

A

Pump for pulmonary circuit

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50
Q

What does the right atrium do?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood

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51
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Discharges deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circuit

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52
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Pump for systemic circuit

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53
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood

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54
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Discharges oxygenated blood into the systemic circuit

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55
Q

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from:

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

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56
Q

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from:

A

2 right pulmonary veins, 2 left pulmonary veins

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57
Q

The right ventricle discharges deoxygenated blood into the ___________________?

A

Pulmonary circuit

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58
Q

The left ventricle discharges oxygenated blood in the __________________?

A

Systemic circuit

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59
Q

What are the layers of the heart from superficial to deep?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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60
Q

What are the great vessels of the heart?

A

Superior vena cava (SVC), Inferior vena Cava (IVC), Pulmonary veins, Pulmonary trunk & arteries, Aorta

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61
Q

SVC formed by the joining of the _____________________ and returns blood from ___________________

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins; thoracic wall, upper limb, head and neck

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62
Q

The IVC formed by the joining of the _____________________, returns blood from the _________________________

A

Left and right common iliac veins; abdomen, pelvis, and lower limb

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63
Q

Pulmonary Trunk & Arteries (2): Pulmonary trunk leaves the _______________ and bifurcates into the _________________

A

Right ventricle, left and right pulmonary arteries

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64
Q

Pulmonary Veins (4): Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the _________________

A

Left atrium

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65
Q

Aorta: leaves the left ventricle to send oxygenated blood to __________________

A

System circulation

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66
Q

What do the Atrioventricular Valves do?

A

Prevent backflow into atria

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67
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid valve, bicuspid or mitral valve

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68
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

Between right atrium and right ventricle

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69
Q

What does the bicuspid or mitral valve located?

A

Between left atrium and left ventricle

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70
Q

What do the Semilunar Valves do?

A

Prevent backflow into ventricles

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71
Q

What are the two Semilunar Valves?

A

Aortic Semilunar Valve and Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

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72
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

A

Between left ventricle and aorta

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73
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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74
Q

Arterial Coronary Circulation: Maximal blood flow to the _________________ occurs when the heart is relaxed

A

Myocardium

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75
Q

Arterial Coronary Circulation: There is very little blood flow through the coronary circulation when the heart is _____________

A

Contracting

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76
Q

Arterial Coronary Circulation: Compression of __________________________ due to ___________________

A

Coronary arteries, contraction of myocardium

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77
Q

Arterial Coronary Circulation: Entrances into the coronary circulation are partially blocked by the _________________________

A

Cusps off the open aortic semilunar valve

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78
Q

Intrinsic Conduction System: What does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do to the heart rate?

A

Decelerates the heartbeat

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79
Q

Intrinsic Conduction System: What does the sympathetic division of the ANS do to the heart rate?

A

Accelerates the heartbeat

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80
Q

True or False: fetus has non-functioning lungs

A

True

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81
Q

True or False: fetus cannot provide it’s own nutrients

A

True

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82
Q

True or False: fetus can not remove its own waste and must use mother’s circulation to compensate

A

True

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83
Q

Fetal Circulation- Placenta: The _______________ develops in the uterus alongside the fetus

A

Placenta

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84
Q

Fetal Circulation- Placenta: The _______________ and ______________ blood communicate within the placenta

A

Maternal, fetal

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85
Q

Fetal Circulation- Placenta: The placenta allows for delivery of _____________ and _______________ for the fetus

A

Nutrients, removal waste

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86
Q

Fetal Circulation- Placenta: The communication occurs via ____________________

A

Umbilical vessels

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87
Q

Fetal Circulation- Umbilical Cord: The __________________ is the connection between the mother and fetus at the placenta

A

Umbilical cord

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88
Q

Fetal Circulation- Umbilical Cord: Within the umbilical cord is the _______________ and the _____________

A

Umbilical vein (1) and umbilical arteries (2).

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89
Q

Fetal Circulation- Umbilical Cord: The ________________ brings nutrient and O2 rich blood to the fetal heart

A

Umbilical vein

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90
Q

Fetal Circulation- Umbilical Cord: The _______________ bring deoxygenated blood out of the fetus to the placenta

A

Umbilical arteries

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91
Q

Fetal Circulation- Umbilical vein: closure forms the ____________________ in the adult

A

Ligamentum teres (round ligament of the liver)

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92
Q

Fetal Circulation- Umbilical vein: found within the inferior edge of the _____________________

A

Falciform ligament

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93
Q

Fetal Circulation- Ductus Venosus: ________________ shunts blood from the umbilical vein through the liver directly into the IVC

A

Ductus venosus

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94
Q

Fetal Circulation- Ductus Venosus: Some of the blood passing through nourishes the _____________________

A

Liver tissue

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95
Q

Fetal Circulation- Ductus Venosus: Closure forms the ____________________ in the adult

A

Ligamentum venosum

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96
Q

Fetal Circulation- Foramen Ovale: _________________ shunts blood from the _____________ to the _______________ to bypass the lungs

A

Foramen ovale, right atrium, left atrium

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97
Q

Fetal Circulation- Foramen Ovale: Small amount of blood flows to the _____________ to nourish the tissue

A

Lungs

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98
Q

Fetal Circulation-Ductus Arteriosus: _________________ shunts blood that made it to the ________________ to the _______________________

A

Ductus Arteriosus, left pulmonary artery, aorta

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99
Q

Fetal Circulation-Ductus Arteriosus: Closure forms the _____________________ in the adult

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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100
Q

What are the major components of the respiratory system?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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101
Q

What are the major functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange, air conduction, air filtration, sound production

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102
Q

What are the two functional divisions?

A

Conducting and respiratory

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103
Q

What does the conducting division do?

A

Conduit for air to reach sites of gas exchange

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104
Q

What does the respiratory division of the respiratory system do?

A

Site associated with gas exchange

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105
Q

What does the conducting division consist of?

A

Nose, pharynx (nasopharynx, orophanyx, laryngopharynx), larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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106
Q

What is the respiratory division consist of?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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107
Q

Nasal cavity: What is the entrance for air into the nasal cavity?

A

External nares

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108
Q

Nasal Cavity: lateral wall nasal cavity contains 3 pairs of nasal conchae:

A

Superior concha, middle concha, inferior concha

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109
Q

Nasal Cavity: ______________ create turbulence of the air entering nasal cavity. Aids in warming air and removal of particulate material.

A

Conchae

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110
Q

Nasal Cavity: What are the spaces below each concha called?

A

Meatuses (nasolacrimanl duct and paranasal sinuses open into the meatuses)

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111
Q

Pharynx: _____________ is a fibromuscular tube that serves as passageway for ___________________ and ___________________

A

Pharynx, digestive system, respiratory system

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112
Q

Pharynx: What is the superior boundary of the pharynx?

A

Sphenoid bone

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113
Q

Pharynx: What is the inferior boundary pharynx?

A

Esophagus (C6)

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114
Q

Pharynx: What is the posterior boundary of the pharynx?

A

Bodies of cervical vertebrae

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115
Q

Pharynx: What is the anterior boundary of the pharynx?

A

Openings of nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx

116
Q

Pharynx: What is the innervation of the pharynx?

A

Motor: Vagus nerve (CN X)
Sensory: predominately via Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and Vagus nerve

117
Q

Pharynx: Pharynx is divided into 3 regions?

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, laryngopharynx

118
Q

Nasopharynx: nasopharynx extends from __________________ to _________________

A

Base of skull, soft palate

119
Q

Nasopharynx: True or False: Nasopahrynx’s role is to help with air passageway only.

A

True

120
Q

Nasopharynx: The Nasopharynx contains ____________________ within posterior wall (called _______________ if enlarged) AND opening of __________________

A

Pharyngeal tonsil, adenoids, auditory tube (also called Eustachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube)

121
Q

_______________ is the elevation formed from auditory tube

A

Torus tubarius

122
Q

Oropharynx: _______________ is posterior to the oral cavity and extends from ____________ to __________________

A

Oropharynx, soft palate, tip of epiglottis

123
Q

Oropharynx: The Oropharynx supports _________ and _________ passageway

A

Air, food

124
Q

Oropharynx: Contains ____________ and _____________

A

Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils

125
Q

Laryngopharynx: extends from _______________ to __________________ of _______________

A

Tip of epiglottis, superior esophagus (C6 level/inferior border), cricoid cartilage

126
Q

Laryngopharynx: supports _________ and ___________ passageway

A

Air, food

127
Q

Larynx: formed by _____________ cartilages which holders airway open. There are ___________ unpaired and __________ paired

A

9, 3, 3

128
Q

Larynx: Opens into _________ above and continuous with ___________ inferiorly. Air passes through laryngopharynx and moves forward down into larynx.

A

Pharynx, trachea

129
Q

Larynx: Contains _____________

A

Vocal folds/cords

130
Q

What are the three unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

A

Thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage

131
Q

____________ is the largest of laryngeal cartilages, formed by two broad flat plates, and most superior point of fusion site between two laminate projects forward as ______________ (Adam’s Apple)

A

Laryngeal prominence

132
Q

______________ is attached to POSTERIOR aspect of thyroid cartilage and helps protect the opening of the larynx by directing food towards ___________

A

Epiglottis, esophagus

133
Q

______________ is the only laryngeal cartilage to form a complete ring and shaped like a signet ring.

A

Cricoid cartilage

134
Q

What are the three types of paired laryngeal cartilages?

A

Arytenoid, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilage

135
Q

____________ is pyramid-shaped and is the attachment site for muscles

A

Arytenoid cartilages

136
Q

_______________ is small conical cartilage and the base articulates with apex of Arytenoid cartilage

A

Corniculate cartilage

137
Q

_____________ is small elongated piece of cartilage that is superior and anterior to corniculate cartilage

A

Cuneiform cartilage

138
Q

____________ are folds of mucosa overlying membranous thickenings (called ligaments)

A

Vocal folds

139
Q

What are the two pairs of vocal folds?

A

True and false vocal folds

140
Q

_________________ are superior to the true vocal folds

A

False vocal folds or vestibular folds

141
Q

_______________ are inferior to the false vocal folds and sound is produced when air is expelled and passes between vocal folds. Intrinsic laryngeal muscles adjust tension of vocal folds; changes pitch.

A

True vocal folds

142
Q

____________________ is a direct continuation of the larynx.

A

Trachea

143
Q

Trachea lies ________________ to the _______________

A

Anterior, esophagus

144
Q

Trachea is held open by _________________________

A

C-shaped cartilage rings

145
Q

Trachea bifurcates into a _________ and a _________________________

A

Right, left primary brochus

146
Q

Bronchi: The ____________ passes through hilum of lung to enter lung

A

Primary bronchi

147
Q

Bronchi: There are two parts to the primary bronchi. What are they?

A

Right primary brochus and left bronchus

148
Q

The _______________ is wider and more vertical course

A

Right primary brochus

149
Q

The ________________ is smaller and less direct course

A

Left primary bronchus

150
Q

There are three types of bronchi. What are they?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary

151
Q

____________________ supplies a lobe of the. For the right lung, it is 3 secondary bronchi and left lung is 2 secondary bronchi

A

Secondary lobar bronchi

152
Q

Tertiary bronchi: Each segmental bronchi supplies a ___________________ segment. Left lung has ________ tertiary bronchi and right lung has _________________ tertiary bronchi.

A

Bronchopulmonary segment, 8-10, 10

153
Q

Terminal bronchioles lead to ___________________

A

Respiratory bronchioles

154
Q

Respiratory Division: What is the pathway?

A

Respiratory bronchioles —-> alveolar ducts —-> alveolar sacs ——> alveoli

155
Q

What are the organs of respiration?

A

Lungs

156
Q

Lungs: Right and left lungs lie on either side of the _________________

A

Mediastinum

157
Q

Lungs: The __________ of the lung sits on diaphragm

A

Base

158
Q

Lungs: The _______ of the lungs projects above rib 1

A

Apex

159
Q

Lungs: _____________ is the medial surface where structures enters and exit the lung

A

Hilum

160
Q

Lungs: ____________ is the short tubular collection of structures that attach lung structures in mediastinum

A

Root

161
Q

Lungs: Within each root, and located at each hilum are:

A

Pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, main bronchus, bronchial vessels, nerves, lymphatics

162
Q

Right Lung: What are the 3 lobes of the right lung?

A

Superior, middle, inferior

163
Q

Right Lung: What are the 2 fissures of the right lung?

A

Horizontal and oblique fissure

164
Q

Right Lung: ________________ separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe

A

Horizontal fissure

165
Q

Right Lung: _________________ separates inferior lobe from superior lobe and middle lobe

A

Oblique fissure

166
Q

Left lung: What are the 2 lobes of the left lung?

A

Superior & inferior

167
Q

Left Lung: What is the 1 fissure of the left lung?

A

Oblique fissure

168
Q

Left Lung: ______________ separates inferior lobe from superior lobe

A

Oblique fissure

169
Q

Left Lung: _________________ is the notch to accommodate hear

A

Cardiac notch

170
Q

Left Lung: ____________ is the tongue-like extension of lower part of superior lobe

A

Lingula

171
Q

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

Rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique muscle, internal abdominal oblique muscle, transversus abdominis

172
Q

What are the functions of the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A
  • form firm but flexible wall that keeps viscera within the abdominal cavity
  • protects viscera from injury
  • maintain position of viscera when in erect position
  • assist in both & forced expiration, coughing, vomiting, childbirth, urination, & defaction
173
Q

The muscles of the abdominal wall are all innervated by ___________________

A

Ventral rami of T7-L2

174
Q

What are the 3 flat muscles whose fibers begin posterolaterally, pass anteriorly, and are replaced by an aponeurosis as the muscle continues toward the midline?

A

External oblique, internal oblique, & transversus abdominis

175
Q

Aponeuroses of the 3 anterolateral abdominal wall muscles (external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis) forms the ________________________ (encloses the rectus abdominis)

A

Anterior & posterior rectus sheath

176
Q

Inguinal Region: _______________ area of junction between the anterior abdominal wall & thigh

A

Inguinal region

177
Q

Inguinal region: the inferior free border of the external oblique aponeurosis folds back on itself to form the ____________________, which runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle.

A

Inguinal ligament

178
Q

Inguinal Region: _________________ is slit-like passage that extend in a downward & medial direction

A

Inguinal canal

179
Q

Inguinal Region: Begins at __________________ & continues for approximately 4 cm, ending at ___________________

A

Deep Inguinal ring, superficial Inguinal ring

180
Q

Inguinal Region: Contains the ________________ & the ____________________

A

Spermatic cord (males) round ligament (females)

181
Q

What is the muscle of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Quadratus lumborum muscle

182
Q

What is the origin of the Quadratus lumborum m.?

A

Iliac crest

183
Q

What is the insertion of the Quadratus lumborum m.?

A

Inferior border of rib 12, transverse process of first four lumbar vertebrae

184
Q

What is the action of the Quadratus lumborum m.?

A

Lateral flexion of the lumbar vertebral column

185
Q

What is the ** innervation** of the Quadratus lumborum?

A

Lumbar plexus

186
Q

Muscles of the Pelvis: The funnel-shaped pelvic floor or _____________ is composed of two paired muscles: _______________ and _________________

A

Pelvic diaphragm, levator ani mm, coccygeus

187
Q

Muscles of the Pelvis: The pelvic diaphragm closes the majority of the _______________________

A

Inferior pelvic aperture

188
Q

Muscles of the Pelvis: Pierced by the ___________ and __________

A

Rectum, urethra

189
Q

Muscles of the Pelvis: This diaphragm supports and raises the pelvic floor and assists in the support of the ____________________________

A

Abdominopelvic viscera

190
Q

What are the major components of the digestive system?

A

Alimentary canal (GI tract), Accessory digestive organs

191
Q

What are the parts of alimentary canal?

A

Mouth, (most) pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, & large intestine

192
Q

What are the pasts of the accessory digestive organs?

A

Tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, & gallbladder

193
Q

What are the major functions of the digestive system?

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption, solid waste removal

194
Q

This is the topographical division of the abdomen to describe location of organs & pain associated with abdominal problems?

A

Abdominal Quadrants: Upper right, upper left, lower right, lower left

195
Q

What is the organization of the wall of the GI Tract from lumber outward?

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis external, Serosa or adventitia

196
Q

Peritoneum: ____________ is a thin membrane lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and covers much of viscera.

A

Peritoneum

197
Q

Peritoneum: The __________________ lines the walls of the cavity and the _________________ covers the visceral

A

Parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum

198
Q

Peritoneum: Between the parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum is a space called the ___________________ which contains a small amount of serous fluid to allow organs to move freely without friction

A

Peritoneal cavity

199
Q

______________ are the double layers folds of peritoneum that connect organs to one another & to the body wall. Contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & nerves.

A

Mesentry

200
Q

Organs that lie against the posterior body wall & are covered by peritoneum on their anterior surface only are considered ______________________

A

Retroperitoneal

201
Q

What are the Retroperitoneal Organs?

A

Suprarenal (adrenal glands)
Aorta & IVC
Duodenum (middle 1/2)

Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (Ascending & Descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum

202
Q

______________ is the inlet for the digestive system and is involved with initial processing of food

A

Oral Cavity

203
Q

_________________ begin physical digestion and three paired ________________ begin chemical digestion

A

Teeth, salivary glands

204
Q

What do the salivary glands do?

A
  • Secrete saliva into oral cavity
  • stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system
  • Inhibited by the sympathetic nervous system
205
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A
  • parotid gland
  • submandibular gland
  • sublingual gland
206
Q

What are the divisions of the GI tract?

A

Foregut, midgut, hindgut

207
Q

What is the foregut of the GI tract?

A

Inferior esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, & proximal half of duodenum

208
Q

What is the midgut of the GI tract?

A

Distal half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

209
Q

What is the hindgut of the GI tract?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, & superior part of rectum

210
Q

Esophagus: Direct continuation of the pharynx at the ______________________. Found posterior to the _______________ and remains flat unless filled with a bonus of food.

A

C6 vertebral level, trachea

211
Q

Esophagus: Pierces the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus (at the _________________)

A

T10 level

212
Q

Esophagus: Muscularis externa of ____________ portion is ________________, while the ______________ portion is _______________

A

Superior, skeletal muscle, inferior, smooth muscle

213
Q

True or False: There are NO digestive enzymes produced by the esophagus and NO absorption occurs here either

A

True

214
Q

___________________ is the dilated portion of the GI tract and receives the bolus of food from esophagus. Serves as a mixing and holding area for food and secretes digestive enzymes for chemical digestion.

A

Stomach

215
Q

When stomach is empty, mucosa of lies in temporary longitudinal folds called ____________

A

Rugae

216
Q

Stomach Features: Muscularis externa is arranged in 3 layers. What are they?

A

Outer longitudinal, middle circular, & inner oblique

217
Q

Peritoneal Folds & Ligaments: ________________ attaches to greater curvature of stomach & transverse colon and drapes over small intestines like an ‘apron’.

A

Greater Omentum

218
Q

Peritoneal Folds & Ligaments: _______________ attaches to lesser curvature of stomach & duodenum and connects stomach to the liver

A

Lesser Omentum

219
Q

Pancreas: ________________ is elongated gland located posterior to the stomach

A

Pancreas

220
Q

Pancreas functions as both an _____________ & _________________ gland

A

Endocrine, exocrine

221
Q

The pancreas 99% functions as a exocrine gland, by producing ___________________

A

Pranceatic enzymes for digestion

222
Q

The pancreas 1% functions as a endocrine gland by ___________________

A

Producing hormones into the blood

223
Q

Pancreas: Pancreatic juice is secretes by exocrine cells into small ducts which unite to form the ____________________

A

Pancreatic duct

224
Q

Pancreas: Pancreatic duct normally joins the common bile duct to form the ___________________________ and drains into the duodenum at the ______________________

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla, major duodenal papilla

225
Q

Liver: __________________ is located inferior to the _________________, primarily in the _______________

A

Liver, diaphragm, upper right quadrant

226
Q

Liver: The liver produces _____________ and detoxifies blood from the GI tract

A

Bile

227
Q

Liver: Anatomically, there are four lobes to the liver. What are they?

A

Left lobe, right lobe, quadrate lobe, caudate lobe

228
Q

Liver: ____________________ divides liver into right & left lobes and anchors liver to anterior body wall

A

Falciform ligament

229
Q

Liver: _____________________ is the obliterated remnant of the umbilical vein

A

Round ligament of the liver

230
Q

Liver: ___________________ attaches liver to inferior surface of diaphragm

A

Coronary ligament

231
Q

__________________ is a pear-shaped sac, locates in a depression on the posterior surface of the right lobe of the liver. It ____________ & ________________ excess bile from the liver.

A

Gallbladder, concentrates, stores

232
Q

Small Intestine: The small intestine is divided into 3 parts. What are they?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ilenum

233
Q

Small intestine: _______________ is the site for most digestion & ___________ of nutrients due to the large surface available

A

Small intestine, absorption

234
Q

Small intestine: The small intestine contains ________________, villi, & microvilli which increase the surface area by 600X

A

Pelicans circulares

235
Q

________________ anchors most of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

A

Mesentry proper

236
Q

This is the location for the reabsorption of electrolytes & water and the formation & elimination of feces. What is this?

A

Large intestine

237
Q

Large intestine: First portion is the _____________, which is entered into from the ileum through the _____________________

A

Cecum, ileocecal valve

238
Q

Large Intestine: From the cecum, you enter the colon which is divided into:

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

239
Q

What are the features of the large intestine?

A

Teniae coli, Haustra, Omental appendices

240
Q

_______________ is the longitudinal band of smooth muscle of the large intestine

A

Teniae coli

241
Q

_________________ are sac-like pouches of the large intestine

A

Haustra

242
Q

___________________ is fat deposits of the large intestine

A

Omental appendices

243
Q

________________ anchors portions of colon to posterior abdominal wall.

A

Mesocolon

244
Q

True or False: Ascending & descending colon have no mesentery. They are attaches to directly to the posterior wall

A

True

245
Q

What are the major components of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus gland, tonsils, spleen

246
Q

What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Fluid control (drain excess interstitial fluid), immunity (produce, maintain, & distribute lymphocytes), transportation (hormones, nutrients, waste products)

247
Q

The lymphatic system converges toward the _______________ or ________________

A

Thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct

248
Q

Tonsils: ________________ is collections of the lymphoid tissue facing aerodigestive tract

A

Tonsils

249
Q

What are the three types of tonsils?

A

Pharyngeal, lingual, palatine

250
Q

Thymus gland: The thymus gland is located posterior to the ______________ and assist in the development of the __________________.

A

Sternum, immune system

251
Q

Spleen: _______________ is the largest lymphatic tissue/organ in the body

A

Spleen

252
Q

Spleen: The spleen produces _________________ & filters blood

A

Lymphocytes

253
Q

The spleen destroys __________ & worn-out RBCs

A

Bacteria

254
Q

_______________ is the dynamic state of equilibrium or balance of the internal environment of the body.

A

Homeostasis

255
Q

Communication within body: Nervous system- neurons communicate by sending nerve impulses along ________; at the end of axons ______________ are released

A

Axons, neurotransmitters

256
Q

Communication within body: Endocrine System- hormones are produces by _______________, secretes into surrounding tissue fluid, and then transported to target cells primarily via the blood stream

A

Endocrine glands

257
Q

_____________ glands secrete onto a surface; either directly or through a duct

A

Exocrine

258
Q

___________________ glands secrete internally; ductless glands; utilize cardiovascular system for distribution

A

Endocrine

259
Q

What are the posterior branches of abdominal aorta?

A

Inferior phrenic artery, lumbar artery, medial sacral artery

260
Q

_________________ supplies the inferior diaphragm

A

Inferior phrenic artery

261
Q

_______________ supplies the posterior abdominal wall

A

Lumbar artery

262
Q

___________________ supplies a portion of the pelvic wall

A

Median sacral artery

263
Q

What are the branches of the internal thoracic artery?

A

Musculophrenic artery, superior epigastric artery

264
Q

______________________ is the branch of internal thoracic artery; supplies superior/anterior diaphragm

A

Musculophrenic artery

265
Q

_________________ is the branch of internal thoracic artery; supplies the superior half of the anterior abdominal wall

A

Superior epigastric artery

266
Q

_______________________ is the branch of external iliac artery and supplies the inferior half of the anterior abdominal wall

A

Inferior epigastric artery

267
Q

_______________________ & _________________ enter the rectus sheath and is located posterior to rectus abdominis muscle.

A

Superior, inferior epigastric arteries

268
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the GI tract?

A

Foregut, midgut, hindgut

269
Q

The ________________ includes inferior esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, & proximal half of duodenum

A

Foregut

270
Q

The __________________ contains the distal half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

A

Midgut

271
Q

The ________________ contains distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, & superior part of rectum

A

Hindgut

272
Q

The foregut is supplied by the ____________________

A

Celiac trunk branches

273
Q

The midgut is supplies by the ______________________

A

Superior mesenteric artery branches

274
Q

The hindgut is supplied by the _________________________

A

Inferior mesenteric artery branches

275
Q

_____________________ is the first major unpaired branch off the abdominal aorta below the diaphragm

A

Celiac trunk

276
Q

What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery

277
Q

_________________ is the superior branch of celiac trunk, travels left towards lesser curvature of the stomach and supplies stomach & esophagus

A

Left gastric artery

278
Q

__________________ is the left branch of celiac trunk, travels toward spleen, and supplies pancreas & spleen

A

Splenic artery

279
Q

______________________ right branch of celiac trunk, travels toward liver & gallbladder.

A

Common hepatic artery

280
Q

What are the terminal branches of the common hepatic artery?

A

Proper hepatic artery, gastroduodenal artery

281
Q

___________________ is the superior branch of common hepatic artery, travels toward liver & medial to bile duct

A

Proper hepatic artery

282
Q

The proper hepatic artery branches into ____________ & __________________

A

Right, left hepatic artery

283
Q

The ______________ usually arises from right hepatic artery, supplies the gallbladder & cystic duct

A

Cystic artery

284
Q

The ______________ usually arises from right hepatic artery, supplies the gallbladder & cystic duct

A

Cystic artery

285
Q

The _______________ usually arises from proper hepatic artery, may rise from common hepatic or gastroduodenal arteries. Supplies lesser curvature of stomach and anastomoses with left gastric artery.

A

Right gastric artery

286
Q

The ________________ is the inferior branch of common hepatic artery, travels toward junction of stomach & duodenum

A

Gastroduodenal artery

Anatomy Sum. (4 decks)

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