Unit 5

Question 1

Germanic peoples

Answer 1

A group of ethnic groups of Northern European origin, including the Goths, Vandals, Saxons, and Franks, who played significant roles in the history of Europe, especially during the early medieval period.

Question 2

patriarch:

Question 3

Latifundia:

Answer 3

Large landed estates typically worked by slaves or serfs in ancient Rome, which contributed to the decline of the small farmer and were a significant factor in the economic and social structure of Roman society.

Question 4

vizier:

Answer 4

A high-ranking political advisor or minister in Muslim countries, particularly during the time of the Ottoman Empire, who was often responsible for running the government.

Question 5

souk:

Answer 5

A traditional marketplace or bazaar in Arab countries, known for a variety of goods, from spices and textiles to jewelry and crafts.

Question 6

codex justinaus

Answer 6

Part of the Corpus Juris Civilis, it is a collection of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century, forming a basis for modern civil law.

Question 7

east-west schis

Answer 7

The division that occurred in 1054 between the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Eastern Orthodox Church, marked by mutual excommunication and doctrinal, theological, and political differences.

Question 8

Hegira:

Answer 8

The migration of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

Question 9

alcazaba

Answer 9

A type of fortification in Spain and Portugal, typically built during the period of Muslim rule, designed to serve both as a military fortress and a residence for rulers.

Question 10

Koran:

Answer 10

The central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God, and considered the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language.

Question 11

jihad

Answer 11

In Islam, a term meaning “struggle” or “striving,” often referring to the spiritual struggle against sin. It can also denote a physical struggle or holy war in defense of the Muslim community.

Question 12

Medina

Answer 12

A city in present-day Saudi Arabia that is the second holiest city in Islam, where the Prophet Muhammad fled during the Hijra in 622 CE and established the first Muslim community.

Question 13

michael I

Answer 13

Michael I Rhangabe was a Byzantine emperor who reigned from 811 to 813, known for his efforts to maintain the stability of the empire amidst military challenges and internal dissent.

Question 14

qadis:

Answer 14

Islamic judges who adjudicate legal disputes according to Sharia law, applying Islamic jurisprudence and principles of justice in their rulings.

Question 15

ulama

Answer 15

: Islamic scholars who specialize in religious and legal studies, providing interpretations of Islamic law, theology, and jurisprudence for the Muslim community.

Question 16

sunna

Answer 16

Sunnah: The practices and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad as recorded in Hadith (traditions) and considered an essential source of guidance for Muslims in matters of faith, conduct, and law.

Question 17

balisarius

Answer 17

Belisarius: A Byzantine general of the 6th century AD, renowned for his military campaigns and reconquests on behalf of the Byzantine Empire, including the successful defense of Constantinople and the reconquest of parts of the Western Roman Empire.

Question 18

crusade

Answer 18

Crusade: A series of religious and military campaigns initiated by the Latin Church in the medieval period, aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and other holy lands from Muslim control, spanning from the 11th to 15th centuries.

Question 19

Muladies

Answer 19

Muladies: Christians in medieval Spain who converted to Islam during Muslim rule, often referred to as “New Muslims,” some of whom retained elements of their Christian identity and culture.

Question 20

Mozarabas

Answer 20

Mozarabs: Christians living under Muslim rule in al-Andalus (medieval Islamic Spain), who maintained their Christian faith and cultural traditions while adapting to Islamic society and sometimes facing religious restrictions.