Unit 5

Question 0

3 term contingency

Answer 0

Antecedent and consequent contingencies that are involved in the process of conditioning or learning.

Question 1

Behavioral contingency

Answer 1

A relationship between responses and the environmental events preceding and following them

Question 2

Bx

Answer 2

That portion of an organisms interaction with its environment that involves movement of some part of the organism.

Question 3

Intraorganism

Answer 3

A reference to the individual organism as a level of analysis.

Question 4

Unit of analysis

Answer 4

A constituent part of a whole phenomenon that serves as a basis for experimental study. In the study of bx the unit Of analysis is the response class.

Question 5

Response

Answer 5

A single instance of a response class

Question 6

Response class

Answer 6

A collection of individual responses that have common sources of influence in the environment. Also called a bx.

Question 7

Goal of developing and phrasing experimental questions

Answer 7

Developing a question whose subsequent experiment will generate data more revealing and useful than produced by any other previous question.

Question 8

Considerations in choosing a response class

Answer 8

• compatibility with procedures
• sensitivity to iv
• influence by extraneous variables
• dimensional quantities
• measurability

Question 9

Most important role of the experimental question

Answer 9

Guiding the selection of the iv(s)

Question 11

Generality

Answer 11

The meaningfulness of experimental interpretations under circumstances different from those that generated the data.

Question 12

Ignored day

Answer 12

A plotting convention referring to days on which the target bx could have occurred but was not measured. Data points bracketing such days should be connected in line graphs.

Question 13

No chance day

Answer 13

A plotting convention referring to days on which the target bx could not have occurred. Data points bracketing such days should not be connected in line graphs.

Question 14

Types of response definitions

Answer 14

• topographical

- functional

Question 15

Which variable do you-as the experimenter- control?

Answer 15

Independent variable

Question 16

in experimental notation a
_______
solid line indicates?

Answer 16

that the IV is in contact with the bx

Question 17

in experimental notation a
- - - - - - -
dashed line indicates?

Answer 17

that the IV is NOT in contact with the bx

Question 18

in experimental notation a
| |
vertical line, extending upward/downward indicates

Answer 18

beginning of another experimental phase

Question 19

in experimental notation
}
a brace indicates?

Answer 19

subject, behavior, setting.

Question 20

what do the vertical lines mean? | |

Answer 20

beginning of another phase

Question 21

what does this mean? - - - - - - - - -

Answer 21

IV is not in contact with bx

Question 22

what does this mean? _________

Answer 22

IV is in contact with bx

Question 23

steady state

Answer 23

responding that exhibits relatively little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time. It can be cyclic.

Question 24

transition state

Answer 24

responding is changing from one steady state to another

Question 25

transitory state

Answer 25

end in a return to the original level or pattern of responding.

Question 26

__________________ what state?

Answer 26

steady state

Question 27

VVVVVVVVVVVVV what state?

Answer 27

steady state (cyclic)

Question 28

_____n______ what state?

Answer 28

transitory

Question 29

_______n---------- what state?

Answer 29

transition

Question 30

allow us to observe and record naturally occurring dimensions of behavior that take place in time and have characteristic physical properties.

Answer 30

direct measures

Question 31

how long it takes to behave

Answer 31

duration

Question 32

how long it takes to behave given the onset of stimuli

Answer 32

latency

Question 33

behavior occurs in time

Answer 33

has rate/frequency

Question 34

time passes between occurrences of behavior(IRT)

Answer 34

specific bx may not be emitted

Question 35

it changes rate across time

Answer 35

celerates

Question 36

measurable by rate, duration, force (electronically)

Answer 36

bx has intensity

Question 37

natural grouping of behaviors that operate on the environment in the same way.

Answer 37

response classes

Question 38

a target behavior needs:

Answer 38

- be sensitive to changes/experimental conditions/independent variable. - to occur at a frequency that can be measured.

Question 39

topographical response definition

Answer 39

has to do with form of bx

Question 40

functional response class definition

Answer 40

has to do with function/cause of bx, not always obvious

Question 41

inter-response time, latency and duration are...

Answer 41

temporal variations

Question 42

Extent to which observed values match true | values

Answer 42

accuracy

Question 43

Extent to which measurement yields same values | when exposed to same state of nature.

Answer 43

reliability

Question 44

what is the difference between the primary focus of researchers and practitioners?

Answer 44

researchers try to identify empirical generalizations about the relation ship between bx and the environment that may generalize to human populations. Practitioners focus on changing an individual's behaviors to solve problems that they are experiencing.

Question 45

how is it that the researcher both controls and is controlled by the subject matter?

Answer 45

the researcher must control the factors whose effects are under study and other outside factors, while the data from the study serve as a prompt for any needed changes.

Question 46

what are three key implications of Johnston and Pennypacker's definition of bx?

Answer 46

bx can only occur in living organisms and must involve some form of movement, creating an interaction between the organism and the environment

Question 47

what is the goal of developing and phrasing experimental questions?

Answer 47

developing a question whose subsequent experiment will generate data more revealing and useful than produced by any other previous question.

Question 48

perhaps the most important role for any bx that will serve as the dependent variable is

Answer 48

to be sensitive to the IV

Question 49

when measuring response classes that occur very frequently, one solution may be to identify and record ______.

Answer 49

episodes of responding

Question 50

the use of _______ allows for making true statements when comparing units, describing relations, and predicting future outcomes.

Answer 50

absolute units

Question 51

what is a limitation on what countability describes about bx?

Answer 51

it does not specify any temporal dimensions

Question 52

the ideal approach to calculating frequency is to divide total count by _______.

Answer 52

time

Question 53

what advantage does automatic observation have over human observation?

Answer 53

machines are much better at doing the same task repeatedly with out being influenced by anything outside of their programmed parameters

Question 54

the ability of partial interval, whole interval, and momentary time sampling procedures to provide accurate descriptions of responding is affected by the

Answer 54

size of the interval and distribution of responses

Question 55

the most notable advantages of using participants as observers is...

Answer 55

that they are always present when the bx occurs

Question 56

the only way to assess accuracy is..

Answer 56

by comparing observed values with true values

Question 57

if the target bx is directly measured, the data are automatically _______.

Answer 57

valid

Question 58

what are the 3 general functions served by behavioral variability?

Answer 58

guides experimental decisions; provides foundation for interpretations; motivates researcher's curiosities

Question 59

by giving a participant repeated exposure first to the baseline condition and then to the intervention condition, the researcher is trying to get a graphical picture of responding under each condition that is _________ and _________.

Answer 59

complete; representative

Question 60

if a researcher is measuring the duration of a target bx and achieves a steady state of responding, they can then conclude what about the frequency of that target bx?

Answer 60

they cannot make any conclusions about the frequency of the target bx.

Question 61

______ interval scales allow descriptions of events that show how much they differ in terms of equal ratios between values.

Answer 61

logarithmic (ratio is key!!)

Question 62

when displaying time on the horizontal axis, why is it important to represent time continuously?

Answer 62

representing time in a discontinuous manner can hide variability in the data.

Question 63

______ addresses the question of if experimental procedures are repeated, with the same effects be obtained. While __________ addresses the question of if experimental findings are used under different circumstances, will the same kin of effects be obtained.

Answer 63

reliability; validity.

Question 64

a measurement scale that allows description of events that show how much they differ in terms of equal ratios between values

Answer 64

logarithmic scale

Question 65

a measurement scale that allows descriptions of events that show how much they differ in terms of equal intervals between values.

Answer 65

linear interval scale

Question 66

an approach to data analysis that emphasizes largely graphical techniques focusing on discovering order and structure in the data.

Answer 66

exploratory data analysis (EDA)

Question 67

requirements for comparing responding across multiple baselines

Answer 67

- each baseline must be independent of the others - the sensitivity of each baseline to the intervention must eventually be demonstrated - when the intervention is ongoing in one baseline the control condition must be ongoing in other baselines - there must be suffient temporal overlap between intervention and control conditions in different baselines to allow extraneous effects to develop - extraneous variables associated with the intervention condition must have the opportunity of influencing responding under the control condition.