Unit 2 Flashcards
Wanting something means that any bx that has obtained a reinforcer will be strong at that moment and the occurrence of what is wanted would function as a reinforcer at that moment. This is according to:
Skinner’s analysis of the drive concept
Keller and Shoenfeld were the first to use, in published work, the term:
Establishing operation
What effect increases the value of a reinforcer?
Establishing
What effect decreases the momentary frequency of bx?
Abative
The abolishing effect of food satiation is that
for a time, food is less effective form of reinforcement
the evocative effect of oxygen deprivation is that
the momentary frequency of bx reinforced by getting oxygen increases
what kind of effect on the momentary frequency of bx, which has been reinforced by sleep in the past, would sleeping for 12 hours straight have? An:
abative effect
what kind of effect on the effectiveness of getting cooler as a reinforcer would an increase of temperature to 99degrees F have? An:
establishing effect
Jill drives by an outlet store every day. She only goes shopping for new clothes once every few months as she makes little money. last wednesday Jill fell when fixing the roof and ripped her pants. she gets paid every friday. friday when she drove past the outlet store, she went in to buy some new pants. in relation to buying new pants, the ripped pants functioned as a…
EO
Jill drives by an outlet store every day. She only goes shopping for new clothes once every few months as she makes little money. last wednesday Jill fell when fixing the roof and ripped her pants. she gets paid every friday. friday when she drove past the outlet store, she went in to buy some new pants. in relation to buying new pants, the sight of the outlet store functioned as a…
S^D
Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset
Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on
The response is the…
key peck
Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset
Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on
key pecking is likely to be negatively reinforced by the…
shock offset
Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset
Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on
in relation to pecking the key, the tone on functions as a(n)…
S^D
Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset
Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on
in relation to pecking the key, the shock onset functions as…
EO
Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset
Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on
key pecking is likely to be extinguished by…
shock remaining on
Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset
Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on
in relation to pecking the key, what effect does tone onset have on bx?
evoke bx
Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset
Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on
What is the SDelta condition?
tone off
Geoff goes to taco bell. He orders 10 spicy tacos and gets a cup for soda to serve himself. Geoff is so hungry that he starts eating right away even though he hasn’t filled up his soda cup yet. After eating half of his tacos, he goes to fill up his cup with Mountain Dew. When he gets to the machine, he pushes the button that has “Mountain Dew” marked on it. After filling up his large cup, he drinks the Mountain Dew.
He then returns to his seat. In relation to pushing the “Mountain Dew” button, what was the EO?
Eating 5 tacos
Geoff goes to taco bell. He orders 10 spicy tacos and gets a cup for soda to serve himself. Geoff is so hungry that he starts eating right away even though he hasn’t filled up his soda cup yet. After eating half of his tacos, he goes to fill up his cup with Mountain Dew. When he gets to the machine, he pushes the button that has “Mountain Dew” marked on it. After filling up his large cup, he drinks the Mountain Dew.
in relation to pushing the “Mountain Dew” button, what was the SD?
seeing the button labeled “Mountain Dew”
Geoff goes to taco bell. He orders 10 spicy tacos and gets a cup for soda to serve himself. Geoff is so hungry that he starts eating right away even though he hasn’t filled up his soda cup yet. After eating half of his tacos, he goes to fill up his cup with Mountain Dew. When he gets to the machine, he pushes the button that has “Mountain Dew” marked on it. After filling up his large cup, he drinks the Mountain Dew.
Geoff finished the entire large cup of Mountain Dew. What likely effect would this have on drinking more Mountain Dew?
Abative
There are two watchmen in a building at night. The first watchman hears a noise and then presses a button that alerts the second watchman. The second watchman asks, “are you ok?” over a walkie-talkie. With respect to the first watchman pressing the button, the noise functioned as a:
CEO-T
aversive stimuli ____ avoidance responses.
evoke
Cali’s alarm clock rings very, very loudly at 8am. she gets up and walks across the room to shut it off. in relation to cali getting out of bed and pushing the snooze button, the sound of the alarm functioned as…
an establishing operation
A 7-yr old boy is teasing his sister. his mom says, “if you continue to tease your sister I’m not taking you to play land this afternoon.” in the past, if the child continued teasing his sister after his mom said, “if you continue…,” the mom had followed through and kept him locked in the van while she took his sister to play land.
the mom’s threat resulted in the abatement of the child’s teasing and functioned as…
a discriminative stimulus for punishment
I 7-yr old boy is teasing his sister. his mom says, “if you continue to tease your sister I’m not taking you to play land this afternoon.” in the past, if the child continued teasing his sister after his mom said, “if you continue…,” the mom had followed through and kept him locked in the van while she took his sister to play land.
not only did the boy immediately stop teasing his sister, but the immediately apologized to both mother and sister. the mother accepted the apology and stopped threatening. in relation to apologizing, the mom’s threat functioned as…
CEO-R
bob usually beats up his kid brother after his dad abuses him. in relation to his aggressive bx against his kid brother, his father’s beating most likely functions as…
an unconditioned establishing operation
a mother threatens her son, saying, “if you do not get dressed for school this very minute, I am going to whoop your butt.” the son immediately begins to get dressed. in relation to the son immediately beginning to get dressed, the mother’s statement functioned as…
a CEO-R
some hotels have tissue boxes in their rooms that have mostly white tissues, but that have a few tan-colored tissues at the bottom of the box. when the house keeper sees a tan tissue, he takes out the old box and puts in a new box. the reinforcer for getting the tissue box out is the sight of a full box of tissues. in this example, the tan-colored tissues functioned as…
CEO-T
in boot camp, if the drill sergeant walks into the barracks, the enlisted women stand up and salute her. in relation to this bx, the drill sergeant walking in most likely functions as…
CEO-R
bob recently began to wear reading glasses but he hardly ever wears them in front of others. today his boss asked him to read and respond to a report within one hour; the boss said it was a very important matter and the needed to be very accurate. the report was typed in a small font. bob looked at his boss, then at the report. even though many of his peers were where they could see him, he immediately put on his glasses, the small print functioned as…
a CEO-T
bob recently began to wear reading glasses but he hardly ever wears them in front of others. today his boss asked him to read and respond to a report within one hour; the boss said it was a very important matter and the needed to be very accurate. the report was typed in a small font. bob looked at his boss, then at the report. when bob was half-way through his assignment, one of the screws becomes loose from the frame and drops on his desk. he tries to use his nail to screw it back but fails. he sees beth, a peer who usually has screwdrivers and usually gives him what he asked for. bob asks beth for a small flathead screwdriver. the sight of beth evoked bob approaching her and functioned as…
an SD
bob recently began to wear reading glasses but he hardly ever wears them in front of others. today his boss asked him to read and respond to a report within one hour; the boss said it was a very important matter and the needed to be very accurate. the report was typed in a small font. bob looked at his boss, then at the report. when bob was half-way through his assignment, one of the screws becomes loose from the frame and drops on his desk. he tries to use his nail to screw it back but fails. he sees beth, a peer who usually has screwdrivers and usually gives him what he asked for. bob asks beth for a small flathead screwdriver. in relation to bob requesting a screwdriver, the loose screw functioned as…
CEO-T
“A stimulus that evokes behavior because in the past that behavior has been reinforced in its presence. ”
discriminative stimulus for reinforcement (S^D)
“A stimulus that abates behavior because in the past that behavior has been extinguished in its presence.”
discriminative stimulus for extinction (SDelta)
“A stimulus that abates behavior because in the past that behavior has been punished in its presence.”
discriminative stimulus for punishment (S^DP)
The tendency of behavior to occur more or less frequently in the presence of a stimulus because the behavior has been reinforced or punished only or mostly in the presence of that stimulus.
discriminative control (stimulus control)
An antecedent stimulus which evokes or abates an operant because in its presence the relation between the response and an effective consequence was different from what it was in its absence. The change only persists as long as this stimulus is present.
Discriminative Stimulus
S^D
SDelta
S^DP
types of discriminative stimuli
behavior-altering (evoke or abate bx)
effect of discriminative stimuli
An antecedent condition that momentarily alters a consequence as an effective reinforcer or punisher (value-altering effect), and evokes or abates behavior that has been followed by these consequences in the past (behavior-altering effect).
Motivating operations (MOs)
value-altering effect
bx-altering effect
effects of motivating operations
establishing operations
abolishing operations
types of motivating operations
An antecedent condition that momentarily establishes a consequence as an effective reinforcer or punisher (establishing effect), and evokes or abates behavior that has been followed by these consequences in the past (behavior-altering effect).
Establishing operations (EOs)
An antecedent condition that momentarily abolishes a consequence as an affective reinforcer or punisher (abolishing effect), and evokes or abates behavior that has been followed by these consequences in the past (behavior-altering effect).
Abolishing operations (AOs)
- Establishing operation related to reinforcement
* Establishing operation related to punishment
types of establishing operations
- Abolishing operations related to reinforcement
* Abolishing operations related to punishment
types of abolishing operations
An antecedent condition which increases the value of other events as forms of reinforcement (reinforcer-establishing effect). They evoke the type of behavior which has been reinforced by those events in the past (evocative effect).
establishing operations related to reinforcement
- Reinforcer-establishing effect
* Evocative effect
effects of establishing operations related to reinforcement
An antecedent condition which increases the value of other events as forms of punishment (punisher- establishing effect). They abate the type of behavior which has been punished by those events in the past (abative effect).
establishing operations related to punishment
- Punisher-establishing effect
* Abative effect
effects of establishing operations related to punishment
An antecedent condition which decreases the value of other events as forms of reinforcement (reinforcer-abolishing effect). They abate the type of behavior which has been reinforced by those events in the past (abative effect).
abolishing operations related to reinforcement
- reinforcer-abolishing effect
- abative effect
effects of abolishing operations related to reinforcement
An antecedent condition which decreases the value of other events as forms of punishment (punisher- abolishing effect). They evoke the type of behavior which has been punished by those events in the past (evocative effect).
abolishing operations related to punishment
- punisher-abolishing effect
- evocative effect
effects of abolishing operations related to punishment
Events, operations, and stimulus conditions whose value-altering effects are unlearned (but their behavior-altering effects are learned).
unconditioned motivating operations (UMOs)
- Food deprivation and satiation
- Water deprivation and satiation
- Sleep deprivation and satiation
- Activity deprivation and satiation
- Oxygen deprivation and satiation
- UMOs related to sex
- UMOs related to temperature
- Painful stimulation
main human unconditioned motivating operations
events, operations, and stimulus conditions whose value-altering effects are learned (their behavior-altering effects are learned (their bx-altering effects are also learned)
conditioned motivating operations (CMOs)
• Surrogate • Reflexive • Transitive
Types of conditioned motivating operations
“A stimulus that acquires its MO effectiveness by being paired with another MO and has the same value-altering and behavior-altering effects as the MO with which it was paired.”
surrogate conditioned motivating operation (CMO-S)
“A stimulus that acquires MO effectiveness by preceding some form of worsening or improvement. ”
Reflexive conditioned motivating operation (CMO-R)
“An event which establishes another stimulus as a necessary condition to complete the response that the first event evokes, and thus establishes that
second stimulus as a reinforcer.” -Jack Michael
Transitive conditioned motivating operation (CMO-T)
When Skinner spoke of “wanting” he used the term:
Drive
Who was the first to use the term “establishing operation”?
Keller & Shoenfeld
An SD is different from an EO in that:
EOs make a consequence more valuable, whereas an SD merely signals the availability of a consequence.
What effect DECREASES the VALUE of a reinforcer?
Abolishing
What effect INCREASES the momentary frequency of bx?
Evocative
The establishing effect of water deprivation is that….
for a time, water is a more effective form of reinforcement
The evocative effect of sleep deprivation is that…
The momentary frequency of behavior reinforced by getting sleep increases.
What kind of effect on the momentary frequency of bx, which has been reinforced by obtaining food in the past, would eating a 4000 calorie meal have?
abative effect
You are in a hot, crowded room (80degrees F) and the temperature goes UP by another 5 degrees. What kind of effect would that have on the effectiveness of getting cooler as a reinforcer?
establishing effect
Some days, I have a lot of meetings at work. There is usually a lot of chatting before and after the meetings because building relationships with clients is part of my job. At the end of a day like that, I just want to go home and veg out on the couch. The LAST thing I want to do is go out and socialize with my friends. You could say I get satiated on socializing. What effect does having lots of meetings have on the reinforcing effectiveness of seeing my friends at night?
abolishing effect
Every day on his way home from work, Chris drives by a Firestone. Then one day, he gets a flat tire. He uses a can of Fix-a-Flat to temporarily repair it, but he sees that the damage to the tire is extensive and he’s going to need a new one. So he stops in a Firestone and purchases a new tire.
In relation to buying a new tire, the flat functioned as a(n):
EO
Every day on his way home from work, Chris drives by a Firestone. Then one day, he gets a flat tire. He uses a can of Fix-a-Flat to temporarily repair it, but he sees that the damage to the tire is extensive and he’s going to need a new one. So he stops in a Firestone and purchases a new tire.
In relation to buying a new tire, the sight of the Firestone functioned as…
an SD
An experimenter is attempting to do some operant conditioning with a rat. He arranges the chamber so that a white light will come on and then 2 seconds later, the rat will get shocked. If the rat then presses a bar, the shock will stop (e.g., escapes from the pain). On other trials, the while light does NOT come on, and the shock comes. Even if the rat presses the bar, the shock stays on. (Poor rat!) The diagram would look like this:
Light on – shock onset – bar press – shock offset
Light off – shock onset – bar press – shock still on
Bar pressing is likely to be negativelky reinforced by the…
shock offset
An experimenter is attempting to do some operant conditioning with a rat. He arranges the chamber so that a white light will come on and then 2 seconds later, the rat will get shocked. If the rat then presses a bar, the shock will stop (e.g., escapes from the pain). On other trials, the while light does NOT come on, and the shock comes. Even if the rat presses the bar, the shock stays on. (Poor rat!) The diagram would look like this:
Light on – shock onset – bar press – shock offset
Light off – shock onset – bar press – shock still on
In relation to pressing the bar, the shock onset functions as…
an EO
An experimenter is attempting to do some operant conditioning with a rat. He arranges the chamber so that a white light will come on and then 2 seconds later, the rat will get shocked. If the rat then presses a bar, the shock will stop (e.g., escapes from the pain). On other trials, the while light does NOT come on, and the shock comes. Even if the rat presses the bar, the shock stays on. (Poor rat!) The diagram would look like this:
Light on – shock onset – bar press – shock offset
Light off – shock onset – bar press – shock still on
In relation to pressing the bar, the light functions as…
an SD
An experimenter is attempting to do some operant conditioning with a rat. He arranges the chamber so that a white light will come on and then 2 seconds later, the rat will get shocked. If the rat then presses a bar, the shock will stop (e.g., escapes from the pain). On other trials, the while light does NOT come on, and the shock comes. Even if the rat presses the bar, the shock stays on. (Poor rat!) The diagram would look like this:
Light on – shock onset – bar press – shock offset
Light off – shock onset – bar press – shock still on
What would need to happen to put the bar pressing bx on extinction?
shock remains on
An experimenter is attempting to do some operant conditioning with a rat. He arranges the chamber so that a white light will come on and then 2 seconds later, the rat will get shocked. If the rat then presses a bar, the shock will stop (e.g., escapes from the pain). On other trials, the while light does NOT come on, and the shock comes. Even if the rat presses the bar, the shock stays on. (Poor rat!) The diagram would look like this:
Light on – shock onset – bar press – shock offset
Light off – shock onset – bar press – shock still on
in relation to pressing the bar, what effect does the light have on bx?
evokes bx
Look at the following diagram and then answer the question below:
“Simon says do this” - model clap hands - imitate clap hands - great job!
“Do this” - model clap hands - imitate clap hands - no praise
What is the S-Delta?
“Do this”
Light on – shock onset – bar press - shock offset
Light off – shock onset – bar press - shock still on
What is the S-delta condition?
light off
Matthew is good all morning at school so his teacher lets him have a bag of chips when he’s done with his lunch. He eats the whole bag and that makes him really thirsty, so he goes to the water fountain, fills up his water bottle and then chugs it.
In relation to the behavior of filling up his water bottle, what was the EO?
Eating the whole bag of chips
Matthew is good all morning at school so his teacher lets him have a bag of chips when he’s done with his lunch. He eats the whole bag and that makes him really thirsty, so he goes to the water fountain, fills up his water bottle and then chugs it.
Matthew finished the whole bottle and then refilled it and chugged that one, too. What effect do you think that chugging a second bottle of water will have on drinking more water?
Abative
Aversive stimuli ______________ avoidance responses.
Evoke
I get in my car and hear a really annoying buzzing sound. When I buckle my seatbelt, it stops. The sound of the buzzing functions as a(n):
Establishing operation
Colin is a 12 year-old boy in foster care who is really aggressive. One day, he punches his foster father right in the face while swearing up a storm. The foster father tells him, “If you continue with that kind of behavior, I’m going to call the police on you.” Colin immediately stops swearing and puts his fists down because in the past, his foster father followed through on his threat and called the police. As a result, Colin almost lost his placement with that foster family. The foster father’s threat, which resulted in the Colin ceasing his aggressive behaviors, functioned as a(n):
Discriminative stimulus for punishment
Colin is a 12 year-old boy in foster care who is really aggressive. One day, he punches his foster father right in the face while swearing up a storm. The foster father tells him, “If you continue with that kind of behavior, I’m going to call the police on you.” Colin immediately stops swearing and puts his fists down because in the past, his foster father followed through on his threat and called the police. As a result, Colin almost lost his placement with that foster family.
Not only did Colin stop aggressing on his foster father, he also apologized for his bad behavior. In relation to the behavior of apologizing, the Dad’s threat to call the police functioned as a(n):
CEO-R (prevents a worsening condition)
In the middle of the night, I wake up to hear my baby coughing loudly and making a noise that sounds like a seal’s bark. Alarmed, I grab my cell phone and call her pediatrician, who I have on speed dial. He listens to her cough and tells me its Croup, and I should bring her into the steamy bathroom to help clear her congestion. With respect to my behavior of calling the doctor, my baby’s loud coughing functioned as a(n):
CMO-T
When an animal is struck by a car and is in great pain, if you approach it to help, it may bite you. In relation to biting you, being hit by a car probably functioned as a(n):
UEO
The playground bully says to Linda, “If you don’t give me your lunch money, I’m going to punch you in the nose.” Linda immediately hands over her money to the bully. In relation to Linda handing over the money, the bully’s statement functioned as a(n):
CEO-R
Every time a customer makes a purchase, the cashier must give the customer a receipt. When the paper that the receipts print on is almost depleted, red lines start to appear on the receipt paper. When the cashier starts to see the red lines, he takes the old spool of paper out and puts a new one in. The reinforcer for replacing the spool is the sight of the full roll. Thus, the red lines on the receipt paper functioned as a(n):
CEO-T
Jill is driving very fast. She sees a police car up ahead and immediately slows down. In relation to the behavior of pressing her foot to the brake, the sight of the police car functioned as a(n):
CEO-R
You are teaching a child with autism to mand for information. At lunchtime, he goes to his locker and sees that his lunchbox is missing. (You had moved it earlier in the day when he wasn’t paying attention.) He says, “where is my lunchbox?” In relation to his asking where his lunchbox is, the missing lunchbox functioned as a(n):
CEO-T
You tell the child that his lunchbox is in Locker #33. He goes to locker 33 and tries to open it but discovers that it is locked. Then he says to you, “where is the key?”. In relation to his asking where the key is, the locked locker functioned as a(n):
CEO-T
The custodian, who keeps all the keys to the building on a big ring attaced to his belt, goes walking by right at that moment. The child approaches the custodian and says, “may I have the key to locker 33?” The sight of the custodian evoked the child approaching him and thus functioned as a(n):
SD
Molly tells Chris, “If you don’t propose by Christmas, I’m going to break up with you”. If Chris pops the question, Molly’s statement functioned as a(n):
CEO-R
As a child, whenever my Mom made beef stew, she always served it warm buttered bread which I would dip into the stew to soak up all the delicious juices. Now, whenever I eat beef stew, I ask for bread and butter. In relation to asking for bread and butter, the beef stew functioned as a(n):
CEO-S
