Unit 4 Flashcards
Unit 4 covers standard measurement and celeration.
Response
movement cycle
An instance or occurrence of a target behavior that has a distinct beginning and end.
permanent products
a change in the environment produced by a behavior that lasts long enough for a measurement to take place.
continuous (direct) response measures
directly measure a dimensional quantity of behavior
discontinuous (indirect) response measures
measure a dimensionless quantity of behavior
types of continuous response measures
- event recording (frequency recording)
- latency recording
- duration recording (per occurrence or total)
- IRT recording
event recording (frequency recording)
a continuous (direct) response measure which measures rate.
latency recording
a continuous (direct) response measure which measures latency
duration recording
a continuous (direct) response measure which measures duration
types of duration recording
- duration per occurrence
- total duration
IRT recording
a continuous (direct) response measure which measures IRT.
types of discontinuous response measures
- Percent occurrence (and % correct)
- Trials to criterion
- Discrete categorization (coding)
- Partial interval recording
- Whole interval recording
- Momentary time sampling
- PLACHECK
percent occurrence
a discontinuous (indirect) response measure which measures the percentage of times a target behavior occurs when an opportunity is presented for its occurrence.
trials to criterion
a discontinuous (indirect) response measure which measures the number of consecutive opportunities to respond, required to achieve a performance standard.
discrete categorization (coding)
a discontinuous (indirect) response measure in which responses are classified into discrete categories (e.g., severity codes, duration codes, independence codes, etc.) and a percentage of these response categories is obtained.
partial interval recording
a discontinuous (indirect) response measure which measures the percentage of intervals in which a target bx occurred at any time during an interval.
whole interval recording
a discontinuous (indirect) response measure which measures the percentage of intervals in which a target response occurred for the total duration of an interval.
momentary time sampling
a discontinuous (indirect) response measure which measures the percentage of intervals in which a target response was occurring a the end of an interval.
PLACHECK (planned activity check)
a discontinuous (indirect) response measure which measures the percentage of individuals that were engaged in a target response at the end of an interval of time.
considerations in selecting response measures
- which dimensions are you interested in?
- what are the logistics involved in collecting data? (where is the data going to be collected, who is going to collect data, etc.)
inter-observer agreement (IOA)
the coefficient of agreement between two or more independent observers.
formulas to calculate inter-observer agreement
(smaller/larger) x 100
(agreements/agreements + disagreements) x 100
how to establish adequate inter-observer agreement
- good response definitions
- train observers
- test observer agreement
- frequent observer evaluation
property
a fundamental quality of a phenomenon
dimensional quantity
a quantifiable aspect of a property
fundamental properties of behavior
- temporal locus
- temporal extent
- repeatability
- the combination of temporal locus and temporal extent
dimensional quantities of bx
- latency
- duration
- countability
- inter-response time
- rate
- celeration (acceleration or deceleration)
temporal locus
a response occurs at a certain point in time in relation to a preceding environmental event
temporal extent
a response occupies time
latency
the amount of time between a stimulus and a response
repeatability
a response can reoccur
duration
the amount of time between the beginning and the end of the response cycle
countability (frequency)
the number of responses or the number of cycles of the response class
inter-response time (IRT)
the time between 2 successive responses; usually, the time elapsed between the end of a response cycle and the beginning of the next response cycle.
rate
the ratio of the number of responses over some period of time
celeration
changes in rate over time. usually, increases (acceleration) or decreases (deceleration) in rate over time
reliability
the consistency of measurement
validity
the extent to which data obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target bx of interest and to the reason(s) for measuring it.
accuracy
the correspondence between observed instances and “true” values
graph
relatively simple visual formats for displaying data
types of graphic displays
- bar graph (histogram)
- cumulative record
- equal-interval line graph
- semi-logarithmic graph
bar graph (histogram)
used for summarizing and comparing data for different groups of subjects and/or different conditions.
used to compare sets of data which are not related to one another by a common underlying dimension by which the horizontal axis can be scaled. that is, the data are discrete.
cumulative record
a type of graph on which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis; the steeper the slope of the data path, the greater the response rate.
cumulative recorder
a device that automatically draws cumulative records (graphs) that show the rate of response in real time; each time a response is emitted, a pen moves upward across paper that continuously moves at a constant speed.
equal-interval line graph
a type of graph based on a cartesian plane… any point within the plane represents a specific relation between the two dimensions described by the intersecting lines. it is the most common graphic format for displaying data in ABA.
semi-logarithmic graph
a 2-d graph with a logarithmic scaled y axis so that equal distances on the vertical axis represent changes in bx that are of equal proportions
uses of equal-interval line graphs
- track client’s progress
- evaluate effectiveness of interventions
- present results of functional analyses
interpreting graphs
- did a significant change in one of the dimensions of the target bx occur between one phase/condition and the next?
- was the change due to the manipulation? how certain are we?
considerations during visual analysis of data
- number of data points
- level and mean shift (in level)
- variability
- trend
level
the value on the vertical axis scale around which a set of behavioral measures converge (mean or median)
trend
the overall direction taken by the data path
variability
the extent to which measures of bx under the same environmental conditions diverge form one another
scatter plot
a data collection form for problem bx and the intervals of time bxs occurred. it provides a graphic display of data in a grid format. it is used to identify patterns of responding in natural settings
bounce
variability
the standard celeration chart
“A multiply-divide chart with six base- 10 (or x10, ÷10) cycles n the vertical axis that can accommodate response rates as low as 1 per 24 hours (0.000695 per minute) to as high as 1,000 per minute. It enables the standardized charting of celeration, a factor by which rate of behavior multiplies or divides per unit of time.”
precision teaching
instructional decision-making system predicated on the position that:
- learning is best measured as a change in response rate
- learning most often occurs through proportional changes in behavior
- past changes in performance can project future learning.
true value
a measure obtained by procedures that are independent of and different from procedures that produced the data being evaluated and for which the researcher has taken “special or extraordinary precautions to insure that all possible sources of error have been avoided or removed.”
The problem with percent measures is that they
remove the dimensions of number of responses and time
What should be the standard response measure?
rate
reliability is a measure of
agreement
a measure of accuracy requires
comparison with “true” values
the vertical axis on an equal-interval line graph uses an
add-subtract scale
what type of graph is most used in the field of ABA?
equal interval line graph
the vertical axis located on the left of the standard celebration chart represents
the range of possible responses per day
True or False? when using an equal-interval line graph, the way you calibrate your axes will have an effect on how your data is displayed
true
True or false? in an equal-interval line graph, the steeper the slope, the higher the rate
false
on the standard celeration chart, every seventh vertical line is thicker than the rest. this thick vertical line represents:
sundays
what term is used in precision teaching to refer to variability?
bounce
on the standard celeration chart, the right vertical axis represents _____, while the left vertical axis represents ______.
units of time, rate
the range of responses on a standard celeration chart goes from _____ per day to ______ per minute.
one, 1000
the vertical axis on the standard celeration chart is based on an
multiple/divide scale
how many days are displayed on a standard celeration chart?
140
a record floor is
a straight horizontal line that represents the duration of the observation period
on the standard celeration chart rate increases by going ____, while duration increases by going ____ the chart.
up, down
what is the minimum number of data points you need in order to draw a celeration line on the standard celeration chart?
six
where is a zero frequency plotted on the standard celeration chart?
just below the “floor”
bar graphs often display…
summary data
in applied settings, cumulative graphs are used to display
emerging repertoires
measures of inter observer agreement result in…
increased believability
what response measure is most commonly used (even by bx analysts) to indicate the amount of correct responding by an individual?
percent
an unbiased, essentially “true value” is necessary to achieve a measure of…
accuracy
measures of inter observer reliability are actually measures of
agreement
what response measure is defined as “the number of brief time intervals during which a response occurs at least once”
partial interval recording
what is the most common continuous multiple occurrence response measure, which is based on dimensional quantities of bx?
frequency (rate)
percent is a derivative response measure which results in a loss of…
number correct, number incorrect, and the recording interval.
a movement cycle defines
the beginning and end of an occurrence of a specific target bx
temporal locus is to latency as temporal extent is to ______
duration
standard celeration charts are most often used in this instructional technology…
precision teaching
there are 140 vertical lines in the standard celeration chart, these lines are also called…
day lines
