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Psychology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is stress

A

stress is the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral response to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging

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2
Q

What is a stressor

A

any circumstance that threatens your well-being or taxes your resources

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3
Q

what is a coping response

A

an attempt to avoid, escape from or minimize the stressor

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4
Q

distress

A

stress caused by negative events

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5
Q

eustress

A

stress caused by positive effects

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6
Q

What is primary appraisal

A

judging potential harm of the event

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7
Q

What is secondary appraisal

A

judging your options/abilities for coping

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8
Q

What are major life stressors

A

changes/disruptions (due to personal choices) that strain central areas of people’s lives

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9
Q

Catastrophic events are usually…

A

events that are outside of out control

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10
Q

Holmes and Rahe created the

A

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

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11
Q

What is the SRRS

A

A scale that: gives 43 life events point values. The higher points you get, the more stressed one is.

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12
Q

What are people with higher SRRS scores associated with

A

higher rates of mental health problems and physical illnesses

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13
Q

What are daily hassles

A

minor irritations and annoyances that are a part of our everyday lives

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14
Q

What is the result of experiencing more intense and frequent hassles

A

poorer mental and physical health

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15
Q

which has a bigger impact on stress-related issues. daily hassles or major life stressors

A

daily hassles

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16
Q

Selye discovered the…

A

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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17
Q

What does the GAS do

A

describes the body’s reaction to stress as consisting of 3 stages

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18
Q

what are the 3 General Adaptation Syndrome stages

A
  1. alarm stage
  2. stage of resistance
  3. stage of exhaustion
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19
Q

the alarm stage

A

prepares to cope with immediate stressors, and is where the fight-or-flight response is activated

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20
Q

in the stage of resistance,

A

the stress continues and the body attempts to readjust

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21
Q

the stage of exhaustion is a

A

reaction to long-term stress

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22
Q

result of stage of exhaustion

A

depletion of body’s resources and the immune system weakens

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23
Q

result of the stage of resistance

A

the physiological responses level off at high levels

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24
Q

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

A

typically include abuse, neglect, & household dysfunction

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25
Q

there is a strong, consistent, positive correlation between the number of ACEs and

A

negative physical/physiological/behavioral outcomes

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26
Q

what does chronic stress lead to

A

excessive activation of stress response systems then wear & tear on the body & differences in brain development

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27
Q

Deviance looks at if

A

a person’s behavior falls outside the normal range of behavior

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28
Q

why isn’t deviant behavior enough to diagnose a person with a disorder

A

bc every culture has difference social/cultural norms and standards for the “norm” change over time

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29
Q

What is the criteria for abnormaility

A
  1. Maladaptive behavior
  2. Harm to self/others
    3, personal distress
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30
Q

maladaptive behavior

A

does the person’s behavior interfere their ability to function in society

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31
Q

with criteria for abnormality how many criteria must be met to have a psychological disorder

A

a person must meet at least 1 criteria, but people who are diagnosed usually have more

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32
Q

What is the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)

A

a classification system published by the APA that lists 200+ psychological disorders and is used to diagnose psychological disorders

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33
Q

Theory for cause of psychological disorder: biological approach

A

psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin

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34
Q

Theory for the cause of the psychological disorder: psychological approach

A

disorders are caused by psychological factors

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35
Q

Theory for the cause of the psychological disorder: sociocultural approach

A

societal context plays a large role in the development of a disorder

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36
Q

Theory for the cause of the psychological disorder: biopsychosocial approach

A

disorders are a product of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences

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37
Q

which people are more likely to have psychological disorders

A
  • women
  • younger people
  • POC/ minorities
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38
Q

what are anxiety disorders

A

class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension, fear, and tension

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39
Q

what is the most common class of psychological disorder in the US

A

Anxiety disorders

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40
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

chronic, high levels of anxiety not tied to any specific threat

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41
Q

common symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder

A
  • feeling on edge/tense
  • fatigue/ sleep disturbances
  • difficulty concentrating
  • irritability
  • physical symptoms
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42
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

debilitating fear of being negatively evaluated by others

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43
Q

common symptoms of social anxiety

A
  • extreme self-consciousness in social situations
  • physical symptoms
  • avoiding social interactions whenever possible
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44
Q

phobic disorder

A

persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no real threat

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45
Q

panic disorder

A

characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occur suddenly and unexpectedly

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46
Q

symptoms of a panic attack

A
  • physical symptoms: heart pounding, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness
  • may fear losing control/ dying
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47
Q

what is a phobia that can form due to panic attacks

A

agoraphobia

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48
Q

what is agoraphobia

A

the fear of public spaces

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49
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

consists of persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals

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50
Q

obsessions

A

persistent, recurring irrational thoughts, impulses, or images

51
Q

compulsions

A

irresistible impulses to perform over & over some senseless behavior or rituals

52
Q

what disorders fit in the OCD category

A
  • hoarding disorder
  • excoriation disorder (compulsive skin-picking)
  • trichotillomania (compulsive urges to pull, twist, pluck hair)
  • body dysmorphic disorder
53
Q

What did PTSD used to be considered

A

an anxiety disorder

54
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

long-term disturbances due to traumatic events

55
Q

traumatic event

A

and event that involves actual/ threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence

56
Q

Symptoms of PTSD

A
  • flashback/nightmares
  • avoidance (avoiding triggers, numb mood, lack of pleasure)
  • chronic heightened arousal & reactivity
57
Q

what people is PTSD more common in

A
  • women
  • ppl with jobs that expose them to trauma/stress
    BIPOC
58
Q

list of depressive disorders

A

1, major depressive
2. seasonal
3. postpartum
4. persistent depressive disorder

59
Q

major depressive disorder (MDD)

A

persistent feelings of sadness, despair, disinterest in pleasurable activities

60
Q

who is most likely to have MDD

A

adult women

61
Q

is MDD continuous or episodic

A

MDD is episodic with each episode lasting 6 months to a year

62
Q

persistent depressive disorder (PDD)

A

milder version of MDD but is also long lasting

63
Q

Bipolar disorders

A

extreme mood swings, typically include both depressive and manic episodes

64
Q

what are the symptoms of the episodes of mania

A
  • euphoria
  • irritability
  • impulsivity
65
Q

dissociative disorders

A

a state of mind in which a person feels disconnected from their immediate experience

66
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

sudden loss of memory for important personal info, specific events

67
Q

two types of dissociative amnesia

A

generalized and localized/selective

68
Q

what is dissociative fugue

A

sudden loss of memory for identity + fleeing to a new place

69
Q

dissociative identity disorder (DID) was called

A

multiple personality disorder

70
Q

bipolar disorder used to be called

A

manic depression

71
Q

what is DID

A

presence of 2+ distinct identities that usually do not know about each other

72
Q

what did a lot of people w/ DID suffer from as children

A

severe abuse

73
Q

how many categories of symptoms does schizophrenia have

A

two symptoms (positive and negative)

74
Q

list of positive schizo. symptoms

A
  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • thought disorders
  • movement disorders
75
Q

types of delusions

A
  • delusions of persecution
  • referential delusions
  • delusions of grandeur
76
Q

delusions of persecution

A

people are out to get you

77
Q

referential delusions

A

think everything is directed to you

78
Q

delusions of grandeur

A

believe you know a celebrity

79
Q

most common hallucination type for pos. schizo. symptoms

A

auditory hallucinations

80
Q

thought disorders

A

unusual, confusing, disordered ways of thinking, speaking, &/or writing

81
Q

movement disorders

A

unusual mannerisms, body movements, &/or facial expressions

82
Q

what is a negative movement disorder

A

catatonia

83
Q

catatonia

A

becoming immobile & unresponsive for long periods of time

84
Q

negative schizo. symptoms

A

decrease or loss of regular functioning

85
Q

list of negative schizo. symptoms

A
  • alogia
  • avolition
  • affective flattening
86
Q

alogia

A

reduction of speaking

87
Q

avolition

A

inability to initiate or persist in goal-directed behaviors

88
Q

affective flattening

A

displaying little or no emotion

89
Q

psychotherapy

A

nonmedical process that helps people recognize & overcome their problems

90
Q

Types of psychotherapy

A
  1. psychoanalysis
  2. humanistic
  3. behavioral
  4. cognitive behavioral therapy
91
Q

psychoanalysis

A

emphasis on the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, & defenses (Freud)

92
Q

what does psychoanalysis do:

A
  • used to treat anxiety
  • study & looks are our unconscious mind
93
Q

Humanistic

A

goal is to help people reach their full potential by becoming more self-aware and self-accepting

94
Q

Client-Centered Therapy (Rogers)

A

emphasizes providing supportive emotional climate for client

95
Q

Methods used in Humanistic Psychotherapy to help

A
  • client-centered therapy
  • therapist provides unconditional positive, empathy, and honesty
  • reflective speech
96
Q

reflective speech

A

mirrors clients feelings back to help them better identify feelings

97
Q

Behavioral

A

involves using learning principles to change clients maladaptive behaviors

98
Q

What to assume in behavioral psychotherapy

A
  • knowing reasons for behavior not enough to change it
99
Q

When does schizo. usually begin

A

late adolescence/ early childhood

100
Q

what gender is affected by schizo. earlier

A

men are affected earlier than women

101
Q

treatments for schizo.

A
  • using mental health services
102
Q

why aren’t a lot of ppl with schizo. able to gain access to mental health services

A
  • lack of insurance
  • cost
  • lack of access
  • social stigma
103
Q

is maladaptive behavior learned?

A

yes, therfrore, it can also be un-learned

104
Q

examples of maladaptive behavior

A
  • adverse conditioning
  • exposure therapy (systematic desensitization)
105
Q

effectiveness of psychotherapy

A

not very effective for many

106
Q

therapeutic alliance

A

relationship between client and therapist

107
Q

psychotherapy works best when is

A

eclectic (uses a variety of techniques)

108
Q

biomedical therapies

A

physiological interventions that reduce symptoms associated with disorders

109
Q

what assumption do you make with biomedical therapies

A

assume that disorders are caused by biological malfunctions

110
Q

what does psychotropic medication do

A

alters brain chemistry

111
Q

anti-anxiety drugs

A

short-term treatment of anxiety

112
Q

antidepressant drugs

A

treatment of anxiety

113
Q

antipsychotic drugs

A

schizophrenia, psychosis disorders

114
Q

atypical antipsychotic drugs

A

positive and negative symptoms

115
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

treats severe depression by sending mild electric current passed through the brain, causes brief seizure

116
Q

pros for ECT

A

quick treatment

117
Q

cons for ECT

A

relapse is common and causes temporary memory loss

118
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

currently used to treat Treatment-Resistant Depression & is being studied for use in OCD and Bipolar Disorder

119
Q

pros for TMS

A
  • non-invasive form of brain stimulation
  • no anesthesia needed
  • fewer/ milder side effects than ECT or meds
120
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

emphasis that thoughts are the main source of psychological issues

121
Q

CBT does:

A

challenges their unhealthy thoughts with logic/reason

122
Q

What are the types of CBT

A
  1. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
  2. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
  3. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
123
Q

DBT does:

A

emphasizes changes to acceptance, mindfulness, emotional regulation

Psychology (6 decks)

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