Unit 5 Flashcards
What is stress
stress is the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral response to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging
What is a stressor
any circumstance that threatens your well-being or taxes your resources
what is a coping response
an attempt to avoid, escape from or minimize the stressor
distress
stress caused by negative events
eustress
stress caused by positive effects
What is primary appraisal
judging potential harm of the event
What is secondary appraisal
judging your options/abilities for coping
What are major life stressors
changes/disruptions (due to personal choices) that strain central areas of people’s lives
Catastrophic events are usually…
events that are outside of out control
Holmes and Rahe created the
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
What is the SRRS
A scale that: gives 43 life events point values. The higher points you get, the more stressed one is.
What are people with higher SRRS scores associated with
higher rates of mental health problems and physical illnesses
What are daily hassles
minor irritations and annoyances that are a part of our everyday lives
What is the result of experiencing more intense and frequent hassles
poorer mental and physical health
which has a bigger impact on stress-related issues. daily hassles or major life stressors
daily hassles
Selye discovered the…
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
What does the GAS do
describes the body’s reaction to stress as consisting of 3 stages
what are the 3 General Adaptation Syndrome stages
- alarm stage
- stage of resistance
- stage of exhaustion
the alarm stage
prepares to cope with immediate stressors, and is where the fight-or-flight response is activated
in the stage of resistance,
the stress continues and the body attempts to readjust
the stage of exhaustion is a
reaction to long-term stress
result of stage of exhaustion
depletion of body’s resources and the immune system weakens
result of the stage of resistance
the physiological responses level off at high levels
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
typically include abuse, neglect, & household dysfunction
there is a strong, consistent, positive correlation between the number of ACEs and
negative physical/physiological/behavioral outcomes
what does chronic stress lead to
excessive activation of stress response systems then wear & tear on the body & differences in brain development
Deviance looks at if
a person’s behavior falls outside the normal range of behavior
why isn’t deviant behavior enough to diagnose a person with a disorder
bc every culture has difference social/cultural norms and standards for the “norm” change over time
What is the criteria for abnormaility
- Maladaptive behavior
- Harm to self/others
3, personal distress
maladaptive behavior
does the person’s behavior interfere their ability to function in society
with criteria for abnormality how many criteria must be met to have a psychological disorder
a person must meet at least 1 criteria, but people who are diagnosed usually have more
What is the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)
a classification system published by the APA that lists 200+ psychological disorders and is used to diagnose psychological disorders
Theory for cause of psychological disorder: biological approach
psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin
Theory for the cause of the psychological disorder: psychological approach
disorders are caused by psychological factors
Theory for the cause of the psychological disorder: sociocultural approach
societal context plays a large role in the development of a disorder
Theory for the cause of the psychological disorder: biopsychosocial approach
disorders are a product of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences
which people are more likely to have psychological disorders
- women
- younger people
- POC/ minorities
what are anxiety disorders
class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension, fear, and tension
what is the most common class of psychological disorder in the US
Anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety disorder
chronic, high levels of anxiety not tied to any specific threat
common symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder
- feeling on edge/tense
- fatigue/ sleep disturbances
- difficulty concentrating
- irritability
- physical symptoms
social anxiety disorder
debilitating fear of being negatively evaluated by others
common symptoms of social anxiety
- extreme self-consciousness in social situations
- physical symptoms
- avoiding social interactions whenever possible
phobic disorder
persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no real threat
panic disorder
characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occur suddenly and unexpectedly
symptoms of a panic attack
- physical symptoms: heart pounding, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness
- may fear losing control/ dying
what is a phobia that can form due to panic attacks
agoraphobia
what is agoraphobia
the fear of public spaces
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
consists of persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals
obsessions
persistent, recurring irrational thoughts, impulses, or images
compulsions
irresistible impulses to perform over & over some senseless behavior or rituals
what disorders fit in the OCD category
- hoarding disorder
- excoriation disorder (compulsive skin-picking)
- trichotillomania (compulsive urges to pull, twist, pluck hair)
- body dysmorphic disorder
What did PTSD used to be considered
an anxiety disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
long-term disturbances due to traumatic events
traumatic event
and event that involves actual/ threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence
Symptoms of PTSD
- flashback/nightmares
- avoidance (avoiding triggers, numb mood, lack of pleasure)
- chronic heightened arousal & reactivity
what people is PTSD more common in
- women
- ppl with jobs that expose them to trauma/stress
BIPOC
list of depressive disorders
1, major depressive
2. seasonal
3. postpartum
4. persistent depressive disorder
major depressive disorder (MDD)
persistent feelings of sadness, despair, disinterest in pleasurable activities
who is most likely to have MDD
adult women
is MDD continuous or episodic
MDD is episodic with each episode lasting 6 months to a year
persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
milder version of MDD but is also long lasting
Bipolar disorders
extreme mood swings, typically include both depressive and manic episodes
what are the symptoms of the episodes of mania
- euphoria
- irritability
- impulsivity
dissociative disorders
a state of mind in which a person feels disconnected from their immediate experience
dissociative amnesia
sudden loss of memory for important personal info, specific events
two types of dissociative amnesia
generalized and localized/selective
what is dissociative fugue
sudden loss of memory for identity + fleeing to a new place
dissociative identity disorder (DID) was called
multiple personality disorder
bipolar disorder used to be called
manic depression
what is DID
presence of 2+ distinct identities that usually do not know about each other
what did a lot of people w/ DID suffer from as children
severe abuse
how many categories of symptoms does schizophrenia have
two symptoms (positive and negative)
list of positive schizo. symptoms
- delusions
- hallucinations
- thought disorders
- movement disorders
types of delusions
- delusions of persecution
- referential delusions
- delusions of grandeur
delusions of persecution
people are out to get you
referential delusions
think everything is directed to you
delusions of grandeur
believe you know a celebrity
most common hallucination type for pos. schizo. symptoms
auditory hallucinations
thought disorders
unusual, confusing, disordered ways of thinking, speaking, &/or writing
movement disorders
unusual mannerisms, body movements, &/or facial expressions
what is a negative movement disorder
catatonia
catatonia
becoming immobile & unresponsive for long periods of time
negative schizo. symptoms
decrease or loss of regular functioning
list of negative schizo. symptoms
- alogia
- avolition
- affective flattening
alogia
reduction of speaking
avolition
inability to initiate or persist in goal-directed behaviors
affective flattening
displaying little or no emotion
psychotherapy
nonmedical process that helps people recognize & overcome their problems
Types of psychotherapy
- psychoanalysis
- humanistic
- behavioral
- cognitive behavioral therapy
psychoanalysis
emphasis on the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, & defenses (Freud)
what does psychoanalysis do:
- used to treat anxiety
- study & looks are our unconscious mind
Humanistic
goal is to help people reach their full potential by becoming more self-aware and self-accepting
Client-Centered Therapy (Rogers)
emphasizes providing supportive emotional climate for client
Methods used in Humanistic Psychotherapy to help
- client-centered therapy
- therapist provides unconditional positive, empathy, and honesty
- reflective speech
reflective speech
mirrors clients feelings back to help them better identify feelings
Behavioral
involves using learning principles to change clients maladaptive behaviors
What to assume in behavioral psychotherapy
- knowing reasons for behavior not enough to change it
When does schizo. usually begin
late adolescence/ early childhood
what gender is affected by schizo. earlier
men are affected earlier than women
treatments for schizo.
- using mental health services
why aren’t a lot of ppl with schizo. able to gain access to mental health services
- lack of insurance
- cost
- lack of access
- social stigma
is maladaptive behavior learned?
yes, therfrore, it can also be un-learned
examples of maladaptive behavior
- adverse conditioning
- exposure therapy (systematic desensitization)
effectiveness of psychotherapy
not very effective for many
therapeutic alliance
relationship between client and therapist
psychotherapy works best when is
eclectic (uses a variety of techniques)
biomedical therapies
physiological interventions that reduce symptoms associated with disorders
what assumption do you make with biomedical therapies
assume that disorders are caused by biological malfunctions
what does psychotropic medication do
alters brain chemistry
anti-anxiety drugs
short-term treatment of anxiety
antidepressant drugs
treatment of anxiety
antipsychotic drugs
schizophrenia, psychosis disorders
atypical antipsychotic drugs
positive and negative symptoms
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
treats severe depression by sending mild electric current passed through the brain, causes brief seizure
pros for ECT
quick treatment
cons for ECT
relapse is common and causes temporary memory loss
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
currently used to treat Treatment-Resistant Depression & is being studied for use in OCD and Bipolar Disorder
pros for TMS
- non-invasive form of brain stimulation
- no anesthesia needed
- fewer/ milder side effects than ECT or meds
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
emphasis that thoughts are the main source of psychological issues
CBT does:
challenges their unhealthy thoughts with logic/reason
What are the types of CBT
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
DBT does:
emphasizes changes to acceptance, mindfulness, emotional regulation
