Unit 5 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What is stress
A
stress is the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral response to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging
2
Q
What is a stressor
A
any circumstance that threatens your well-being or taxes your resources
3
Q
what is a coping response
A
an attempt to avoid, escape from or minimize the stressor
4
Q
distress
A
stress caused by negative events
5
Q
eustress
A
stress caused by positive effects
6
Q
What is primary appraisal
A
judging potential harm of the event
7
Q
What is secondary appraisal
A
judging your options/abilities for coping
8
Q
What are major life stressors
A
changes/disruptions (due to personal choices) that strain central areas of people’s lives
9
Q
Catastrophic events are usually…
A
events that are outside of out control
10
Q
Holmes and Rahe created the
A
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
11
Q
What is the SRRS
A
A scale that: gives 43 life events point values. The higher points you get, the more stressed one is.
12
Q
What are people with higher SRRS scores associated with
A
higher rates of mental health problems and physical illnesses
13
Q
What are daily hassles
A
minor irritations and annoyances that are a part of our everyday lives
14
Q
What is the result of experiencing more intense and frequent hassles
A
poorer mental and physical health
15
Q
which has a bigger impact on stress-related issues. daily hassles or major life stressors
A
daily hassles
16
Q
Selye discovered the…
A
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
17
Q
What does the GAS do
A
describes the body’s reaction to stress as consisting of 3 stages
18
Q
what are the 3 General Adaptation Syndrome stages
A
- alarm stage
- stage of resistance
- stage of exhaustion
19
Q
the alarm stage
A
prepares to cope with immediate stressors, and is where the fight-or-flight response is activated
20
Q
in the stage of resistance,
A
the stress continues and the body attempts to readjust
21
Q
the stage of exhaustion is a
A
reaction to long-term stress
22
Q
result of stage of exhaustion
A
depletion of body’s resources and the immune system weakens
23
Q
result of the stage of resistance
A
the physiological responses level off at high levels
24
Q
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
A
typically include abuse, neglect, & household dysfunction
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there is a strong, consistent, positive correlation between the number of ACEs and
negative physical/physiological/behavioral outcomes
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what does chronic stress lead to
excessive activation of stress response systems then wear & tear on the body & differences in brain development
27
Deviance looks at if
a person's behavior falls outside the normal range of behavior
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why isn't deviant behavior enough to diagnose a person with a disorder
bc every culture has difference social/cultural norms and standards for the "norm" change over time
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What is the criteria for abnormaility
1. Maladaptive behavior
2. Harm to self/others
3, personal distress
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maladaptive behavior
does the person's behavior interfere their ability to function in society
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with criteria for abnormality how many criteria must be met to have a psychological disorder
a person must meet at least 1 criteria, but people who are diagnosed usually have more
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What is the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)
a classification system published by the APA that lists 200+ psychological disorders and is used to diagnose psychological disorders
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Theory for cause of psychological disorder: biological approach
psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin
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Theory for the cause of the psychological disorder: psychological approach
disorders are caused by psychological factors
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Theory for the cause of the psychological disorder: sociocultural approach
societal context plays a large role in the development of a disorder
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Theory for the cause of the psychological disorder: biopsychosocial approach
disorders are a product of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences
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which people are more likely to have psychological disorders
- women
- younger people
- POC/ minorities
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what are anxiety disorders
class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension, fear, and tension
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what is the most common class of psychological disorder in the US
Anxiety disorders
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generalized anxiety disorder
chronic, high levels of anxiety not tied to any specific threat
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common symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder
- feeling on edge/tense
- fatigue/ sleep disturbances
- difficulty concentrating
- irritability
- physical symptoms
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social anxiety disorder
debilitating fear of being negatively evaluated by others
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common symptoms of social anxiety
- extreme self-consciousness in social situations
- physical symptoms
- avoiding social interactions whenever possible
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phobic disorder
persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no real threat
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panic disorder
characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occur suddenly and unexpectedly
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symptoms of a panic attack
- physical symptoms: heart pounding, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness
- may fear losing control/ dying
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what is a phobia that can form due to panic attacks
agoraphobia
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what is agoraphobia
the fear of public spaces
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
consists of persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals
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obsessions
persistent, recurring irrational thoughts, impulses, or images
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compulsions
irresistible impulses to perform over & over some senseless behavior or rituals
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what disorders fit in the OCD category
- hoarding disorder
- excoriation disorder (compulsive skin-picking)
- trichotillomania (compulsive urges to pull, twist, pluck hair)
- body dysmorphic disorder
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What did PTSD used to be considered
an anxiety disorder
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
long-term disturbances due to traumatic events
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traumatic event
and event that involves actual/ threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence
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Symptoms of PTSD
- flashback/nightmares
- avoidance (avoiding triggers, numb mood, lack of pleasure)
- chronic heightened arousal & reactivity
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what people is PTSD more common in
- women
- ppl with jobs that expose them to trauma/stress
BIPOC
58
list of depressive disorders
1, major depressive
2. seasonal
3. postpartum
4. persistent depressive disorder
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major depressive disorder (MDD)
persistent feelings of sadness, despair, disinterest in pleasurable activities
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who is most likely to have MDD
adult women
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is MDD continuous or episodic
MDD is episodic with each episode lasting 6 months to a year
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persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
milder version of MDD but is also long lasting
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Bipolar disorders
extreme mood swings, typically include both depressive and manic episodes
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what are the symptoms of the episodes of mania
- euphoria
- irritability
- impulsivity
65
dissociative disorders
a state of mind in which a person feels disconnected from their immediate experience
66
dissociative amnesia
sudden loss of memory for important personal info, specific events
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two types of dissociative amnesia
generalized and localized/selective
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what is dissociative fugue
sudden loss of memory for identity + fleeing to a new place
69
dissociative identity disorder (DID) was called
multiple personality disorder
70
bipolar disorder used to be called
manic depression
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what is DID
presence of 2+ distinct identities that usually do not know about each other
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what did a lot of people w/ DID suffer from as children
severe abuse
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how many categories of symptoms does schizophrenia have
two symptoms (positive and negative)
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list of positive schizo. symptoms
- delusions
- hallucinations
- thought disorders
- movement disorders
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types of delusions
- delusions of persecution
- referential delusions
- delusions of grandeur
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delusions of persecution
people are out to get you
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referential delusions
think everything is directed to you
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delusions of grandeur
believe you know a celebrity
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most common hallucination type for pos. schizo. symptoms
auditory hallucinations
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thought disorders
unusual, confusing, disordered ways of thinking, speaking, &/or writing
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movement disorders
unusual mannerisms, body movements, &/or facial expressions
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what is a negative movement disorder
catatonia
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catatonia
becoming immobile & unresponsive for long periods of time
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negative schizo. symptoms
decrease or loss of regular functioning
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list of negative schizo. symptoms
- alogia
- avolition
- affective flattening
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alogia
reduction of speaking
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avolition
inability to initiate or persist in goal-directed behaviors
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affective flattening
displaying little or no emotion
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psychotherapy
nonmedical process that helps people recognize & overcome their problems
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Types of psychotherapy
1. psychoanalysis
2. humanistic
3. behavioral
4. cognitive behavioral therapy
91
psychoanalysis
emphasis on the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, & defenses (Freud)
92
what does psychoanalysis do:
- used to treat anxiety
- study & looks are our unconscious mind
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Humanistic
goal is to help people reach their full potential by becoming more self-aware and self-accepting
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Client-Centered Therapy (Rogers)
emphasizes providing supportive emotional climate for client
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Methods used in Humanistic Psychotherapy to help
- client-centered therapy
- therapist provides unconditional positive, empathy, and honesty
- reflective speech
96
reflective speech
mirrors clients feelings back to help them better identify feelings
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Behavioral
involves using learning principles to change clients maladaptive behaviors
98
What to assume in behavioral psychotherapy
- knowing reasons for behavior not enough to change it
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When does schizo. usually begin
late adolescence/ early childhood
100
what gender is affected by schizo. earlier
men are affected earlier than women
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treatments for schizo.
- using mental health services
102
why aren't a lot of ppl with schizo. able to gain access to mental health services
- lack of insurance
- cost
- lack of access
- social stigma
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is maladaptive behavior learned?
yes, therfrore, it can also be un-learned
104
examples of maladaptive behavior
- adverse conditioning
- exposure therapy (systematic desensitization)
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effectiveness of psychotherapy
not very effective for many
106
therapeutic alliance
relationship between client and therapist
107
psychotherapy works best when is
eclectic (uses a variety of techniques)
108
biomedical therapies
physiological interventions that reduce symptoms associated with disorders
109
what assumption do you make with biomedical therapies
assume that disorders are caused by biological malfunctions
110
what does psychotropic medication do
alters brain chemistry
111
anti-anxiety drugs
short-term treatment of anxiety
112
antidepressant drugs
treatment of anxiety
113
antipsychotic drugs
schizophrenia, psychosis disorders
114
atypical antipsychotic drugs
positive and negative symptoms
115
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
treats severe depression by sending mild electric current passed through the brain, causes brief seizure
116
pros for ECT
quick treatment
117
cons for ECT
relapse is common and causes temporary memory loss
118
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
currently used to treat Treatment-Resistant Depression & is being studied for use in OCD and Bipolar Disorder
119
pros for TMS
- non-invasive form of brain stimulation
- no anesthesia needed
- fewer/ milder side effects than ECT or meds
120
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
emphasis that thoughts are the main source of psychological issues
121
CBT does:
challenges their unhealthy thoughts with logic/reason
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What are the types of CBT
1. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
2. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
3. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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DBT does:
emphasizes changes to acceptance, mindfulness, emotional regulation
