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Psychology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Prenatal Period

A

The stage of development between conception in birth

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2
Q

Stages of the Prenatal Period

A
  1. Germinal
  2. Embryonic Stage
  3. Fetal Stage
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3
Q

when does the germinal stage begin

A

when conception occurs (~ 2 weeks after the deed)

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4
Q

in this stage the “baby” is technically

A

a zygote

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5
Q

what is a zygote

A

a single-celled fertilized egg

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6
Q

the germinal stage ends when

A

the blastocyst implants itself on the uterine wall

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7
Q

what are the 3 crucial support structures after implantation

A
  1. amniotic sac
  2. placenta
  3. umbilical chord
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8
Q

what does the amniotic sac do

A

regulates the exchange of fluids, cushions against environmental shocks & temp changes

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9
Q

what does the placenta do

A

lets oxygen and nutrients get from the parent to the organism

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10
Q

how do teratogens affect the organism

A

they can harm the organism if they get through the placenta’s semi-permeable membrane

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11
Q

what are teratogens

A

agents like viruses, chemicals, diseases that can cause harm to the organism

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12
Q

what does the umbilical chord do

A

it lets blood flow to the embryo/fetus through the placenta

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13
Q

when is the embryonic stage

A

3rd to 8th week of preggo

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14
Q

what is the organism called in the embryonic stage

A

embryo

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15
Q

what begins during the embryonic stage

A
  • organogenesis (the development of the major organs)
  • sexual differentiation
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16
Q

at which stage of prenatal development do most miscarriages occur

A

the embryonic stage

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17
Q

what is the 3rd stage of prenatal development called

A

fetal stage

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18
Q

what portion of the preggo is the fetus stage

A

2nd month till birth

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19
Q

what is the organism called in this stage

A

a fetus

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20
Q

what develops in the fetal stage

A

the development of the brain and senses

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21
Q

what occurs in this stage

A

rapid growth & maturation of organ system

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22
Q

In the Infant/Child stage what factors tend to affect the development of motor skills/abilities

A

genes and the environment

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23
Q

in the infant stage when is the growth most rapid

A

the growth is the most rapid for the 1st 5 years, then is stays pretty stable until puberty

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24
Q

what is the adolescence period

A

the transition from childhood to adulthood

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25
Q

how long does the adolescence period last

A

starts at puberty, ends once the being become independent

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26
Q

what does puberty usually result in

A

primary and secondary sex characterisitcs

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27
Q

menarche

A

a girl’s 1st period

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28
Q

semanarche

A

a guy’s 1st ejaculation

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29
Q

what are 2ndary sex characterisitics

A

characteristics that do not affect the reproductive process/cycle

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30
Q

examples of 2ndary sex characterisitcs

A

growth of breasts, facial hair, deeper voice, etc.

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31
Q

what do the neurons gain in the adolescence period

A

mylin

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32
Q

which part of the brain matures early in the adolescence period

A

the amygdala (the part that deals with emotions)

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33
Q

what is true about the brain in the adolescence period

A

different parts develop at different rates

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34
Q

which part of the brain is the last to develop

A

the prefrontal cortex(deals with cognition, impulse control, planning)

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35
Q

teens are better at _________ and _____________ ________ ________________

A

metacognition (thinking about thinking) and taking other’s perspectives

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36
Q

5 characteristics of adolescence

A
  1. identity exploration
  2. instability
  3. self-focus
  4. feeling “in-between” the teens and adulthood
  5. the feeling of possibility for the future
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37
Q

in adulthood when does the physical decline begin

A

late 30s-40s but depending on the lifestyle they are living, it could be earlier or later

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38
Q

what are some things that occur in late adulthood

A
  • sensory decline
  • decline in speeds of cognitive processing
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39
Q

what are the 3 types of personality tests

A
  1. Self-report personality inventory
  2. projective tests
  3. thematic apperception test
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40
Q

rank the 3 personality tests from most reliable to the least:

A

TAT, projective, self-report

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41
Q

what is the Thematic apperception test

A

it is where the participant is given a picture and they are told to tell a story based on the pic

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42
Q

what is a projective test

A

an example is the inkblot test where individuals look at a blob and tell the tester what “image” they see in the blob

43
Q

what does the self-report test do

A

they ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristics/ behaviors

44
Q

why is the projective test less reliable

A
  • it is extremely subjective
  • ppl can lie and “fake” traits
45
Q

What was Michel’s stance in the Person-Situation Debate

A

personality traits don’t have cross-situational consistency

46
Q

How did personality theorists counter Michel’s idea

A
  • People are consistent in some traits but which traits are consistent varies across people
  • Traits will be more consistent when situational forces are weak
  • Individuals select situations to be in; this is influenced by personality traits
47
Q

What factors affect behavior

A

combo of situational factors and internal traits/characteristics

48
Q

Emotions

A

immediate, specific pos/neg response to environmental events or internal thoughts

49
Q

what are our primary emotions

A

anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt

50
Q

2ndary emotions are combinations of our primary emotions

A

ex. pride, grief, jealousy, etc.

51
Q

valence

A

how pleasant/unpleasant an emotion is

52
Q

Emotions consist of 3 parts:

A
  1. physical arousal
  2. behavioral response
  3. subjective experience
53
Q

what is James-Lange theory of emotions

A

Physiological arousal occurs due to stimulus/trigger and different patterns of physiological arousal for different types of stimuli/triggers

54
Q

what is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions

A

Stimuli simultaneously trigger conscious feelings & physiological arousal

55
Q

what is the Schachter-Singer theory is emotions

A

use situational cues to determine which emotion we’re experiencing

56
Q

in the context of emotional expression, what are display rules

A

rules that regulate how and when people express emotion

57
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

sensations from the movement of facial muscles are interpreted by the brain as different emotions

58
Q

example of Facial feedback hypothesis

A

having a bad day? put a pencil in your mouth. The position of ur mouth when the pencil is in ur mouth requires you to smile, which can make ur day better later

59
Q

There are theories that explain why people’s sexual orientation is the way that it is however

A

the cause(s) for someone’s sexual orientation is still unknown

60
Q

Theory of environmental factors

A

this theory is weak because the early lives of people of different orientations are very similar overall & interest in same-sex exists everywhere regardless of culture

61
Q

Theory of Biological factors

A

genetics, prenatal hormonal exposure): strong evidence biology is involved for many

62
Q

T/F: Sexuality is fluid and does change over the lifespan for some- but most don’t have control over this!

A

true!

63
Q

sex

A

biological attributes used to characterize people as male or female

64
Q

intersex

A

a person’s biological attributes don’t fit into the typically defined male/femalecategories

65
Q

Gender

A

a socially constructed set of roles, behaviors, expectations, and identities used to classify people

66
Q

gender identitiy

A

refers to a person’s internal sense of their gender

67
Q

transgender

A

someone who feels like the sex they were assigned at birth does not match their identity

68
Q

cisgender

A

someone who identifies as the sex they were assigned as at birth

69
Q

Non-binary (“enby”)

A

someone who does not identify as male or female

70
Q

example of non-binary

A

gender fluid

71
Q

T/F: gender identity takes a long time to develop and understand

A

false, gender identity is typically developed & understood by the time a person is a toddler (preschool age)

72
Q

Gender expression

A

the way someone communicates their gender identity to others

73
Q

Gender non-conforming

A

someone who does not conform to the gender expectations for them

74
Q

example of someone who is gender non conforming

A

Harry Styles: identifies as a man, but does things like wear skirts/ dresses and paints nails, etc.

75
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A

when a person experiences distress over incongruence between their identity & the sex they were assigned at birth

76
Q

How does the APA deal with Gender Dysphoria

A

They support it by allowing people to start with a social transition until puberty, and then after that they can use hormone blockers or gender-affirming hormones to help the individual transition medically

77
Q

hormone blockers

A

pauses puberty, and is safe and reversible

78
Q

gender-affirming hormones

A

move the body to be more inline with gender identity, and generally safe, some changes are irreversible

79
Q

Who did a systematic study of sexual response in the body

A

Masters and Johnson

80
Q

result of the Masters and Johnson study

A

you can divide sexual response into 4 phases:
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution

81
Q

What happens in the excitement phase

A

physiological arousal increases rapidly and the penis begins to become erected and the clitoris/vaginal area become lubricated

82
Q

What happens in the plateau phase

A
  • physiological arousal is still high and intensified
  • the penis is fully erect
  • pre-ejaculatory fluid gathers at the tip, and the orgasmic platform develops in the vagina
83
Q

What happens in the orgasm phase

A
  • series of muscular contractions (typically in the genital area)
  • ejaculatory fluid is forces out of the penis
84
Q

What happens in the resolution phase

A

they body returns to an unaroused state

85
Q

what is the refractory period

A

time after orgasm when another orgasm can’t physically occur - longer and more common with penile ejaculation

86
Q

What is Social Psychology

A

the study of how people think about, influence, and are affected by other people

87
Q

attributions

A

inferences people draw about the causes of events and behaviors

88
Q

What are internal attributions

A

explanations based on personality traits
(i did good on a test because I am smart)

89
Q

external attributions

A

explanations based on situational factors
(I did bad on the test because the teacher was bad)

90
Q

Unstable cause

A

temporary, able to change

91
Q

stable cause

A

permanent, unable to change

92
Q

Actor-Observer bias

A

tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational factors while attributing the same behavior from other people due to internal, dispositional factors

  • I did bad on the test because the teacher sucked, but Matt only did good because he’s naturally smart
93
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

refers to the “other people” part of the actor-observer bias - we believe others do things because of their internal traits

94
Q

Self-serving bias:

A

the tendency to make internal attributions for our successes and external attributions for our failures

95
Q

Just World Hypothesis

A

a hypothesis that says the world is fair and “what goes around, comes around”

96
Q

why do people choose to believe the Just World Hypothesis

A

it allows them to think the world is predictable which is comfortable

97
Q

attitude

A

our feelings, opinions, and beliefs on people, objects, and ideas

98
Q

when does our attitude affect our actions:

A
  1. when they are strong
  2. you spend a long time talking about and practicing them
  3. the topics affects you directly
99
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

psychological discomfort arising from holding 2+ inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, or opinions)

(You want to be healthy, but you don’t exercise regularly or eat a nutritious diet.)

100
Q

How to handle cognitive dissonance

A
  1. change the behavior
  2. change the attitude/ belief
101
Q

Self-perception theory:

A

people make inferences about their attitudes by examining their behaviors

102
Q

social roles

A

an expected pattern of behavior based on a position a person hold in a given group, culture, or situation

103
Q

hello

A

byebye

Psychology (6 decks)

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