Unit 4 Flashcards
Prenatal Period
The stage of development between conception in birth
Stages of the Prenatal Period
- Germinal
- Embryonic Stage
- Fetal Stage
when does the germinal stage begin
when conception occurs (~ 2 weeks after the deed)
in this stage the “baby” is technically
a zygote
what is a zygote
a single-celled fertilized egg
the germinal stage ends when
the blastocyst implants itself on the uterine wall
what are the 3 crucial support structures after implantation
- amniotic sac
- placenta
- umbilical chord
what does the amniotic sac do
regulates the exchange of fluids, cushions against environmental shocks & temp changes
what does the placenta do
lets oxygen and nutrients get from the parent to the organism
how do teratogens affect the organism
they can harm the organism if they get through the placenta’s semi-permeable membrane
what are teratogens
agents like viruses, chemicals, diseases that can cause harm to the organism
what does the umbilical chord do
it lets blood flow to the embryo/fetus through the placenta
when is the embryonic stage
3rd to 8th week of preggo
what is the organism called in the embryonic stage
embryo
what begins during the embryonic stage
- organogenesis (the development of the major organs)
- sexual differentiation
at which stage of prenatal development do most miscarriages occur
the embryonic stage
what is the 3rd stage of prenatal development called
fetal stage
what portion of the preggo is the fetus stage
2nd month till birth
what is the organism called in this stage
a fetus
what develops in the fetal stage
the development of the brain and senses
what occurs in this stage
rapid growth & maturation of organ system
In the Infant/Child stage what factors tend to affect the development of motor skills/abilities
genes and the environment
in the infant stage when is the growth most rapid
the growth is the most rapid for the 1st 5 years, then is stays pretty stable until puberty
what is the adolescence period
the transition from childhood to adulthood
how long does the adolescence period last
starts at puberty, ends once the being become independent
what does puberty usually result in
primary and secondary sex characterisitcs
menarche
a girl’s 1st period
semanarche
a guy’s 1st ejaculation
what are 2ndary sex characterisitics
characteristics that do not affect the reproductive process/cycle
examples of 2ndary sex characterisitcs
growth of breasts, facial hair, deeper voice, etc.
what do the neurons gain in the adolescence period
mylin
which part of the brain matures early in the adolescence period
the amygdala (the part that deals with emotions)
what is true about the brain in the adolescence period
different parts develop at different rates
which part of the brain is the last to develop
the prefrontal cortex(deals with cognition, impulse control, planning)
teens are better at _________ and _____________ ________ ________________
metacognition (thinking about thinking) and taking other’s perspectives
5 characteristics of adolescence
- identity exploration
- instability
- self-focus
- feeling “in-between” the teens and adulthood
- the feeling of possibility for the future
in adulthood when does the physical decline begin
late 30s-40s but depending on the lifestyle they are living, it could be earlier or later
what are some things that occur in late adulthood
- sensory decline
- decline in speeds of cognitive processing
what are the 3 types of personality tests
- Self-report personality inventory
- projective tests
- thematic apperception test
rank the 3 personality tests from most reliable to the least:
TAT, projective, self-report
what is the Thematic apperception test
it is where the participant is given a picture and they are told to tell a story based on the pic
what is a projective test
an example is the inkblot test where individuals look at a blob and tell the tester what “image” they see in the blob
what does the self-report test do
they ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristics/ behaviors
why is the projective test less reliable
- it is extremely subjective
- ppl can lie and “fake” traits
What was Michel’s stance in the Person-Situation Debate
personality traits don’t have cross-situational consistency
How did personality theorists counter Michel’s idea
- People are consistent in some traits but which traits are consistent varies across people
- Traits will be more consistent when situational forces are weak
- Individuals select situations to be in; this is influenced by personality traits
What factors affect behavior
combo of situational factors and internal traits/characteristics
Emotions
immediate, specific pos/neg response to environmental events or internal thoughts
what are our primary emotions
anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt
2ndary emotions are combinations of our primary emotions
ex. pride, grief, jealousy, etc.
valence
how pleasant/unpleasant an emotion is
Emotions consist of 3 parts:
- physical arousal
- behavioral response
- subjective experience
what is James-Lange theory of emotions
Physiological arousal occurs due to stimulus/trigger and different patterns of physiological arousal for different types of stimuli/triggers
what is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
Stimuli simultaneously trigger conscious feelings & physiological arousal
what is the Schachter-Singer theory is emotions
use situational cues to determine which emotion we’re experiencing
in the context of emotional expression, what are display rules
rules that regulate how and when people express emotion
Facial feedback hypothesis
sensations from the movement of facial muscles are interpreted by the brain as different emotions
example of Facial feedback hypothesis
having a bad day? put a pencil in your mouth. The position of ur mouth when the pencil is in ur mouth requires you to smile, which can make ur day better later
There are theories that explain why people’s sexual orientation is the way that it is however
the cause(s) for someone’s sexual orientation is still unknown
Theory of environmental factors
this theory is weak because the early lives of people of different orientations are very similar overall & interest in same-sex exists everywhere regardless of culture
Theory of Biological factors
genetics, prenatal hormonal exposure): strong evidence biology is involved for many
T/F: Sexuality is fluid and does change over the lifespan for some- but most don’t have control over this!
true!
sex
biological attributes used to characterize people as male or female
intersex
a person’s biological attributes don’t fit into the typically defined male/femalecategories
Gender
a socially constructed set of roles, behaviors, expectations, and identities used to classify people
gender identitiy
refers to a person’s internal sense of their gender
transgender
someone who feels like the sex they were assigned at birth does not match their identity
cisgender
someone who identifies as the sex they were assigned as at birth
Non-binary (“enby”)
someone who does not identify as male or female
example of non-binary
gender fluid
T/F: gender identity takes a long time to develop and understand
false, gender identity is typically developed & understood by the time a person is a toddler (preschool age)
Gender expression
the way someone communicates their gender identity to others
Gender non-conforming
someone who does not conform to the gender expectations for them
example of someone who is gender non conforming
Harry Styles: identifies as a man, but does things like wear skirts/ dresses and paints nails, etc.
Gender Dysphoria
when a person experiences distress over incongruence between their identity & the sex they were assigned at birth
How does the APA deal with Gender Dysphoria
They support it by allowing people to start with a social transition until puberty, and then after that they can use hormone blockers or gender-affirming hormones to help the individual transition medically
hormone blockers
pauses puberty, and is safe and reversible
gender-affirming hormones
move the body to be more inline with gender identity, and generally safe, some changes are irreversible
Who did a systematic study of sexual response in the body
Masters and Johnson
result of the Masters and Johnson study
you can divide sexual response into 4 phases:
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution
What happens in the excitement phase
physiological arousal increases rapidly and the penis begins to become erected and the clitoris/vaginal area become lubricated
What happens in the plateau phase
- physiological arousal is still high and intensified
- the penis is fully erect
- pre-ejaculatory fluid gathers at the tip, and the orgasmic platform develops in the vagina
What happens in the orgasm phase
- series of muscular contractions (typically in the genital area)
- ejaculatory fluid is forces out of the penis
What happens in the resolution phase
they body returns to an unaroused state
what is the refractory period
time after orgasm when another orgasm can’t physically occur - longer and more common with penile ejaculation
What is Social Psychology
the study of how people think about, influence, and are affected by other people
attributions
inferences people draw about the causes of events and behaviors
What are internal attributions
explanations based on personality traits
(i did good on a test because I am smart)
external attributions
explanations based on situational factors
(I did bad on the test because the teacher was bad)
Unstable cause
temporary, able to change
stable cause
permanent, unable to change
Actor-Observer bias
tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational factors while attributing the same behavior from other people due to internal, dispositional factors
- I did bad on the test because the teacher sucked, but Matt only did good because he’s naturally smart
Fundamental Attribution Error
refers to the “other people” part of the actor-observer bias - we believe others do things because of their internal traits
Self-serving bias:
the tendency to make internal attributions for our successes and external attributions for our failures
Just World Hypothesis
a hypothesis that says the world is fair and “what goes around, comes around”
why do people choose to believe the Just World Hypothesis
it allows them to think the world is predictable which is comfortable
attitude
our feelings, opinions, and beliefs on people, objects, and ideas
when does our attitude affect our actions:
- when they are strong
- you spend a long time talking about and practicing them
- the topics affects you directly
Cognitive dissonance
psychological discomfort arising from holding 2+ inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, or opinions)
(You want to be healthy, but you don’t exercise regularly or eat a nutritious diet.)
How to handle cognitive dissonance
- change the behavior
- change the attitude/ belief
Self-perception theory:
people make inferences about their attitudes by examining their behaviors
social roles
an expected pattern of behavior based on a position a person hold in a given group, culture, or situation
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