Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Structuralism

A

the idea that conscious experiences can be broken down into basic elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Wundt

A

father of psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

introspection

A

examining conscious experience as objectively as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What idea in psych is James associated with

A

Fundamentalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what idea in psych is Wundt associated with

A

Structuralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fundamentalism

A

studying how people function in the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What idea in psych is Sigmund Freud associated with

A

Psychodynamic approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

Unconscious motives and experiences in childhood govern personality and mental disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What psychological approach are Watson and Skinner associated with

A

Behavioral Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Behavioral Approach

A

only observable events can be studied scientifically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did Watson and Skinner believe should be abandoned

A

they believed that the study of consciousness, thoughts, and feelings should be abandoned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was Watson and Skinner’s main area of study

A

studied how organisms learn new behaviors or change existing ones due to rewards or punishments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What psychological approach are Robert and Maslow associated with

A

Humanistic Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Humanistic Aprroach

A

Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for positive growth and are fundamentally different from animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the humanistic approach believe

A
  1. All people desire to reach their full potential
  2. People have control over their biology and environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Behaviorist use what approach

A

Biological Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neuroscience

A

the scientific study of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cognitivist use what appoach

A

Cognitive Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Biological Approach

A

An organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

human behavior cannot be fully understood without understanding how people acquire, store, and process information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sociologist use what approach

A

Sociocultural Approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sociocultural Approach

A

to understand human behavior we must examine social/cultural environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why are all historical famous psychologists white men

A
  1. Because it was difficult for women and POC to gain access to schooling or get awarded degrees in Psych
  2. Because they were overlooked or ignored
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

1st woman to get phd in psych in US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Anna Freud

A

expanded Sigmund Freud’s ideas (especially about defense mechanisms) and started using psychoanalysis with kids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

1st female president of the APA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

A

challenged the idea that women were inferior to men and that they were unable to function during their period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Inez Prosser

A

1st black woman to earn a psych PhD in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Martha Bernal

A

1st Latina woman to earn psych PhD in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Maime Phipps Clarke

A

created “Clark Doll Test”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what did the Clark Doll Test study

A

studied the effects of segregation on children of color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what test was instrumental for court cases about school segregation

A

Clark Doll Test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Who was Kenneth Clark

A

Maimie’s hubby who helped with the Clark Doll Test and was the 1st black president of the APA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Francis Cecil Sumner

A

1st black person to earn psych PhD in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Who was the “Father of Black Psychology

A

Francis Sumner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Robert Williams II challenged the idea of…

A

Natural racial differences in intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How did Robert Williams challenge the idea of natural racial differences in intelligence

A

by creating the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What word did Robert Williams coin

A

Ebonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Define ebonics

A

African American English

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which one out of the 3 can prescribe medications: counselors/therapists, clinical psychologists, psychiatrists

A

only psychiatrists

42
Q

difference between counselors/therapists & clinical psychologists

A

counselors/therapists only have their masters degree while clinical psychologists have their PhD to PsyD

43
Q

What are the 4 goals of Psychological Science

A
  1. Description
  2. Explanation
  3. Prediction
  4. Control
44
Q

Description in psychological science

A

describe the mental process/behavior

45
Q

Explanation in psychological science

A

explain the causes for these mental processes/behaviors

46
Q

Prediction in psychological science

A

predict how humans and non-human animals will react

47
Q

Control in psychological science

A

control behavior

48
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

a review board at any federally funded institution responsible for reviewing all research to determine if it is ethical or not

49
Q

Informed Consent

A

research must be explained in detail prior to the participants’ agreement to take part

50
Q

Voluntary Participation

A

participant must agree to participate and understand that they can leave freely whenever they want

51
Q

Difference between informed consent and voluntary participation

A

informed consent occurs before the study while voluntary participation occurs during the study

52
Q

Anonymity

A

The research does not know who gave what information

53
Q

Confidentiality

A

Reacher knows the participants’ identities and must keep their information private and can only share it in specified ways

54
Q

When can a researcher use deception

A

they can only use it if they have a good cause, but the researcher must disclose the deception to the participants after the study

55
Q

What is debriefing

A

Researchers gives details of the study to the participants after they study and the participants are given the chance to ask questions

56
Q

What are the 6 ways to collect data

A
  1. Case Study
  2. Archival Research
  3. Naturalistic Observation
  4. Survey
  5. Cross-sectional Designs
  6. Longitudinal Designs
57
Q

Difference between Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Designs

A

Cross-sectional is like the same test given to 6th,7th, and 8th grade students at the same time whereas Longitudinal is like giving the same test to a student once in 6th, then 7th, then 8th

58
Q

What is a Case Study

A

An in-depth investigation of 1 (or a couple) individuals

59
Q

Pros of a Case Study

A

used to research or find smthg new and provides a detailed description or specific and unusual things

60
Q

Cons of a case study

A

cannot be used to make generalizations

61
Q

Pros of Surveys

A

allows researcher to gather lots of data quickly

62
Q

Cons of Surveys

A

since people are self-reporting their responses to the survey, social desirability may create a bias (whether it be conscious or unconscious)

63
Q

What is Naturalistic Observation

A

careful observation of natural behaviors without directly intervening

64
Q

Cons to naturalistic oberservation

A

cannot determine causation, so you can form a hypothesis but not a conclusion

65
Q

Cons to cross-sectional designs

A

cohort effects

66
Q

Cons to longitudinal designs

A

time-consuming and expensive

67
Q

What is archival research

A

using existing public records to answer research questions

68
Q

cons to archival research

A

the researcher has no control over how the research was designed so the data could be incomplete or inconsistent

69
Q

pros to archival research

A

public records/ archives could be great source of data

70
Q

although correlation is not causation… what can a researcher take away if something has a correlation

A

that there is a relationship between the variables

71
Q

What is a illusory correlation

A

a relationship between 2 variables that people believe to exist but do not have any scientific proof to back it up

72
Q

example of illusory correlation

A

moons phase and peoples’ behaviors

73
Q

what are 2 ways to form a hypothesis

A
  1. Direct observation from the real world
  2. Reviewing previous research carefully
74
Q

what are the 2 groups in the most basic experimental design

A

control group and experimental group

75
Q

This group gets manipulated

A

experimental group

76
Q

This group serves as the bases for comparison

A

control group

77
Q

2 types of studies

A
  1. single-blind study
  2. double-blind study
78
Q

single-blind study

A

the participants don’t know what group they are in but the researcher/experimenter does

79
Q

double-blind study

A

neither the participants’ nor the researchers know who is in what group

80
Q

quasi-experimental research

A

research you cannot directly control

81
Q

cons for quasi-experimental research

A
  1. cannot make cause-&-effect claims
  2. limited due to ethical constriants
82
Q

why do experiments use samples

A

because a population is too big to get info from so samples give a good representation of the population

83
Q

Statistical anaylsis

A

is what is conducted after collecting data from control and experimental group; determines how likely any difference is found due to chance (& thus is not menaingful)

84
Q

what do peer reviewers look for in a journal article

A
  1. a strong rationale for the research being described
  2. a clear description of how the research was conducted
  3. evidence that the research was done in an ethical matter
  4. flaws in the study’s design, methods, and analyses
  5. check the conclusion the reserach draws
85
Q

what does journal editor do after the peer reviewers do their job

A

they compile all the feedback and determine if the article will be published, published with revisions, or will not be published at all

86
Q

replication crisis

A

recently some people had a hard time replicating some experiments

87
Q

what is a positive outcome from the replication crisis

A

scientists started to work together more openly and has improved the way experiments have been conducted and how the results have been shared

88
Q

Biopsychology

A

explores how biology influences out behaviors

89
Q

what does biopsychology focus on

A

immediate causes of behavior

90
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

studies the ultimate biological causes of behavior

91
Q

Sensation and Perception

A

interested in sensory & psychological experiences of sensory info

92
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

investigates mental processes involved with attention, thinking, problem-solving, memory, and decision-making

93
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

studies development across a lifespan

94
Q

Personality Psychology

A

studies focused on identifying personality traits, and seeing how these traits interact together help determine how someone may act in any situation

95
Q

5 dimensions of personality psychology

A
  1. consciousness
  2. agreeableness
  3. extraversion
  4. openness
  5. neuroticism
96
Q

Social Psychology

A

focuses on how we relate/interact with others

97
Q

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

A

applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial settings

98
Q

Health Psychology

A

studies how health is affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

99
Q

Sports and Exercise Psychology

A

The study of how psychological aspects of sports performance (like performance anxiety and motivation) and the effects of sports on mental and emotional wellbeing

100
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

focused on diagnosing and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

101
Q

Forensic Psychology

A

deals with psychology-related questions in the justice system

102
Q

Counseling psychology

A

focuses on the emotional, social, vocational, and health relayed outcomes of people who are considered psychologically healthy

Psychology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions