Unit 1 Flashcards
Psychology
the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes
Structuralism
the idea that conscious experiences can be broken down into basic elements
Wundt
father of psychology
introspection
examining conscious experience as objectively as possible
What idea in psych is James associated with
Fundamentalism
what idea in psych is Wundt associated with
Structuralism
Fundamentalism
studying how people function in the world
What idea in psych is Sigmund Freud associated with
Psychodynamic approach
Psychodynamic approach
Unconscious motives and experiences in childhood govern personality and mental disorders
What psychological approach are Watson and Skinner associated with
Behavioral Approach
Behavioral Approach
only observable events can be studied scientifically
What did Watson and Skinner believe should be abandoned
they believed that the study of consciousness, thoughts, and feelings should be abandoned
What was Watson and Skinner’s main area of study
studied how organisms learn new behaviors or change existing ones due to rewards or punishments
What psychological approach are Robert and Maslow associated with
Humanistic Approach
Humanistic Aprroach
Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for positive growth and are fundamentally different from animals
What does the humanistic approach believe
- All people desire to reach their full potential
- People have control over their biology and environment
Behaviorist use what approach
Biological Approach
Neuroscience
the scientific study of the nervous system
Cognitivist use what appoach
Cognitive Approach
Biological Approach
An organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behavior
Cognitive Approach
human behavior cannot be fully understood without understanding how people acquire, store, and process information
Sociologist use what approach
Sociocultural Approach
Sociocultural Approach
to understand human behavior we must examine social/cultural environments
Why are all historical famous psychologists white men
- Because it was difficult for women and POC to gain access to schooling or get awarded degrees in Psych
- Because they were overlooked or ignored
Margaret Floy Washburn
1st woman to get phd in psych in US
Anna Freud
expanded Sigmund Freud’s ideas (especially about defense mechanisms) and started using psychoanalysis with kids
Mary Whiton Calkins
1st female president of the APA
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
challenged the idea that women were inferior to men and that they were unable to function during their period
Inez Prosser
1st black woman to earn a psych PhD in the US
Martha Bernal
1st Latina woman to earn psych PhD in the US
Maime Phipps Clarke
created “Clark Doll Test”
what did the Clark Doll Test study
studied the effects of segregation on children of color
what test was instrumental for court cases about school segregation
Clark Doll Test
Who was Kenneth Clark
Maimie’s hubby who helped with the Clark Doll Test and was the 1st black president of the APA
Francis Cecil Sumner
1st black person to earn psych PhD in the US
Who was the “Father of Black Psychology
Francis Sumner
Robert Williams II challenged the idea of…
Natural racial differences in intelligence
How did Robert Williams challenge the idea of natural racial differences in intelligence
by creating the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity
What word did Robert Williams coin
Ebonics
Define ebonics
African American English
Which one out of the 3 can prescribe medications: counselors/therapists, clinical psychologists, psychiatrists
only psychiatrists
difference between counselors/therapists & clinical psychologists
counselors/therapists only have their masters degree while clinical psychologists have their PhD to PsyD
What are the 4 goals of Psychological Science
- Description
- Explanation
- Prediction
- Control
Description in psychological science
describe the mental process/behavior
Explanation in psychological science
explain the causes for these mental processes/behaviors
Prediction in psychological science
predict how humans and non-human animals will react
Control in psychological science
control behavior
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
a review board at any federally funded institution responsible for reviewing all research to determine if it is ethical or not
Informed Consent
research must be explained in detail prior to the participants’ agreement to take part
Voluntary Participation
participant must agree to participate and understand that they can leave freely whenever they want
Difference between informed consent and voluntary participation
informed consent occurs before the study while voluntary participation occurs during the study
Anonymity
The research does not know who gave what information
Confidentiality
Reacher knows the participants’ identities and must keep their information private and can only share it in specified ways
When can a researcher use deception
they can only use it if they have a good cause, but the researcher must disclose the deception to the participants after the study
What is debriefing
Researchers gives details of the study to the participants after they study and the participants are given the chance to ask questions
What are the 6 ways to collect data
- Case Study
- Archival Research
- Naturalistic Observation
- Survey
- Cross-sectional Designs
- Longitudinal Designs
Difference between Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Designs
Cross-sectional is like the same test given to 6th,7th, and 8th grade students at the same time whereas Longitudinal is like giving the same test to a student once in 6th, then 7th, then 8th
What is a Case Study
An in-depth investigation of 1 (or a couple) individuals
Pros of a Case Study
used to research or find smthg new and provides a detailed description or specific and unusual things
Cons of a case study
cannot be used to make generalizations
Pros of Surveys
allows researcher to gather lots of data quickly
Cons of Surveys
since people are self-reporting their responses to the survey, social desirability may create a bias (whether it be conscious or unconscious)
What is Naturalistic Observation
careful observation of natural behaviors without directly intervening
Cons to naturalistic oberservation
cannot determine causation, so you can form a hypothesis but not a conclusion
Cons to cross-sectional designs
cohort effects
Cons to longitudinal designs
time-consuming and expensive
What is archival research
using existing public records to answer research questions
cons to archival research
the researcher has no control over how the research was designed so the data could be incomplete or inconsistent
pros to archival research
public records/ archives could be great source of data
although correlation is not causation… what can a researcher take away if something has a correlation
that there is a relationship between the variables
What is a illusory correlation
a relationship between 2 variables that people believe to exist but do not have any scientific proof to back it up
example of illusory correlation
moons phase and peoples’ behaviors
what are 2 ways to form a hypothesis
- Direct observation from the real world
- Reviewing previous research carefully
what are the 2 groups in the most basic experimental design
control group and experimental group
This group gets manipulated
experimental group
This group serves as the bases for comparison
control group
2 types of studies
- single-blind study
- double-blind study
single-blind study
the participants don’t know what group they are in but the researcher/experimenter does
double-blind study
neither the participants’ nor the researchers know who is in what group
quasi-experimental research
research you cannot directly control
cons for quasi-experimental research
- cannot make cause-&-effect claims
- limited due to ethical constriants
why do experiments use samples
because a population is too big to get info from so samples give a good representation of the population
Statistical anaylsis
is what is conducted after collecting data from control and experimental group; determines how likely any difference is found due to chance (& thus is not menaingful)
what do peer reviewers look for in a journal article
- a strong rationale for the research being described
- a clear description of how the research was conducted
- evidence that the research was done in an ethical matter
- flaws in the study’s design, methods, and analyses
- check the conclusion the reserach draws
what does journal editor do after the peer reviewers do their job
they compile all the feedback and determine if the article will be published, published with revisions, or will not be published at all
replication crisis
recently some people had a hard time replicating some experiments
what is a positive outcome from the replication crisis
scientists started to work together more openly and has improved the way experiments have been conducted and how the results have been shared
Biopsychology
explores how biology influences out behaviors
what does biopsychology focus on
immediate causes of behavior
Evolutionary Psychology
studies the ultimate biological causes of behavior
Sensation and Perception
interested in sensory & psychological experiences of sensory info
Cognitive Psychology
investigates mental processes involved with attention, thinking, problem-solving, memory, and decision-making
Developmental Psychology
studies development across a lifespan
Personality Psychology
studies focused on identifying personality traits, and seeing how these traits interact together help determine how someone may act in any situation
5 dimensions of personality psychology
- consciousness
- agreeableness
- extraversion
- openness
- neuroticism
Social Psychology
focuses on how we relate/interact with others
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial settings
Health Psychology
studies how health is affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Sports and Exercise Psychology
The study of how psychological aspects of sports performance (like performance anxiety and motivation) and the effects of sports on mental and emotional wellbeing
Clinical Psychology
focused on diagnosing and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
Forensic Psychology
deals with psychology-related questions in the justice system
Counseling psychology
focuses on the emotional, social, vocational, and health relayed outcomes of people who are considered psychologically healthy
