Memory Unit Flashcards
Memory
processes that allow us to record, store, and retrieve experiences and info
Encoding
recording info into memory
Storage
holding info into memory
Retrieval
getting info back out of memory
Spacing effect
the idea that we remember more when information is practiced in spaced-out intervals rather than massed together
What are the 3 stages of memory storage
- Sensory Memory
- Short-term Memory
- Long-term Memory
Sensory Memory
holds incoming sensory info for less than 1 second
By paying attention information can move from ___________ _________ to _____-______ ___________
sensory memory; short-term memory
how long can info be held in STM
~ 20 seconds
How many things can the STM hold
5-9 things (7 +/- 2)
What is the limit for LTM
LTM has unlimited storage
Flashbulb memories
detailed and vivid recollections of emotionally significant events
Do flashbulb memories have better accuracy than regular memores?
No, the accuracy and loss of detail of a flashbulb memory are similar to the accuracy and loss of detail of any other memory
Explicit memory
conscious recall of facts and events
Semantic memory
memory for general, factual knowledge
Episodic memory
memory for personal experiences
2 types of explicit memory
- Semantic
- Episodic
Example of semantic memory
remembering the capital of Cuba
Example of episodic memory
remembering where you ate dinner with your friends last month
2 types of long-term memory
- Explicit
- Implicit
Types of implicit memory
- Procedural
- Classical Conditioning
- Priming
Procedural memory
memory for skills
Example for procedural memory
how to ride a bike
Example of classical conditioning
The Office scene with the mint and rebooting the computer
Priming
activation of info in the memory that then affects behaviors &/or memory for new info
how is this list and example of priming:
haystack, shot, knit, sew, burger, inject, syringe, fan, and flower
the listener hears words associated with “needle” so they’ll prob think that word was in the list if asked to recall the words
Encoding specificity principle
enhanced with conditions during retrieval match with the conditions from encoding
Context-dependent memory
easier to remember something in the same environment as where you encoded it
Example of context-dependent memory
when you walk into the room and you forget why you walked in there, so you go back to the other room, and then you re-remember why you walked into the other room
State-dependent memory
memory is enhanced when the internal state at encoding matches the internal state at retrieval
example of state-dependent memory
if you study drunk, it would be better to take the test drunk
proactive interference
old info interferes with new info
retrograde interference
new info overrides old info
proactive interference example
when your friend gets a new phone number, but you cannot un-remember the old number
example of retrograde interference
when you forget your old phone number after you get a new one
what is taste aversion
special kind of classical conditioning in which we learn to associate a taste/smell with sickness
primary reinforcer
is naturally rewarding (like food)
secondary reinforcer
is something you have to learn is good (like money)
Shaping
procedure in which reinforcement gradually guides an organism’s actions toward desired behavior
